The ECA GIL brings together a range of knowledge products—including core analytics, reports, working papers, and more—highlighting critical topics from the World Bank Group’s Gender Strategy across Europe and Central Asia.
Europe and Central Asia Gender Innovation Lab
Publications
The Missing Half of Capital: Unlocking Finance for Women-Led Firms in Europe and Central Asia (2026)
Motherhood and Labor Market Trajectories in Türkiye (2026)
Do Investments in Digital Infrastructure Improve Employment Outcomes? Evidence from Türkiye (2026)
Income Shocks, Bride Price, and Child Marriage in Turkey (2025)
Financial Incentives, Fertility, and Son Preference in Armenia (2021)
Can Grit Be Taught? Lessons from a Nationwide Field Experiment with Middle-School Students (2021)
A Field Experiment on the Role of Socioemotional Skills and Gender for Hiring in Turkey (2020)
Long-Term Evolution of Inequality of Opportunity (2019)
Preventing More 'Missing Girls': A Review of Policies to Tackle Son Preference (2018)
Inequality of Opportunity in South Caucasus (2018)
Ageing and Family Solidarity in Europe: Patterns and Driving Factors of Intergenerational Support (2016)
Going Beyond the First Child: Analysis of Russian Mothers' Desired and Actual Fertility Patterns (2016)
Fertility Transition in Turkey: Who Is Most at Risk of Deciding Against Child Arrival? (2015)
Gender, Mobility, and Middle Class in Europe and Central Asia: Insights from Qualitative Research (2015)
'Missing Girls' in the South Caucasus Countries: Trends, Possible Causes, and Policy Options (2015)
Care Responsibilities and Female Employment in the Western Balkans (2026)
Who Deserves More? An Analytical Case Study on Fair Pay Using the Listening to Georgia Survey (2026)
North Macedonia: Addressing the Gender Disparity for Growth and Jobs (2026)
Mapping Barriers and Identifying In-Demand Digital Skills in Kosovo (2026)
Female Employment in Ukraine (2025)
Tajikistan Taking a Socially Inclusive Approach to Climate Change (2025)
Gender Norms in Flux: Bride Kidnapping and Women’s Civic Participation in the Kyrgyz Republic (2017)
Gender Based Violence in Georgia: Links among Conflict, Economic Opportunities and Services (2017)
Why Should We Care about Care?: The Role of Childcare and Eldercare in Serbia (2016)
Why Should We Care about Care?: The Role of Childcare and Eldercare in Bosnia and Herzegovina (2015)
Why Should We Care about Care?: The Role of Childcare and Eldercare in Kosovo (2015)
Türkiye: Opening doors, creating jobs for women in the railway sector (2026)
From Training to Digital Jobs: Preparing Women for E-Commerce Careers In Tajikistan with PARWONA (2026)
Better Jobs: Evidence from the Life in Transition Survey (2025)
How financial inclusion in Central Asia drives opportunity and jobs (2025)
Edutainment for financial inclusion: Empowering women and youth in Central Asia (2025)
More women are needed in transport jobs in Europe and Central Asia (2025)
Preschools, Paychecks, and Progress: Uzbekistan’s Bold Step for Women (2025)
Empowering Kazakhstani women to boost the economy (2024)
Driving change: Empowering women for greater productivity in Europe and Central Asia (2024)
Empowering women through community-driven development in Tajikistan (2023)
Tajikistan: Empowering women in cross-border trade (2023)
Are women a minority if they count for at least half of your infrastructure PPP demand? (2023)
For faster growth, Central Asia must confront biased perceptions about the value of women’s work (2023)
How can Serbia’s energy and mining sector become a leader in gender equality? (2023)
Why combating gender-based violence matters to all of us (2022)
Tackling violence against women is essential for economic growth in Central Asia (2022)
How are gender gaps stymying Georgia’s full economic potential? (2022)
Examining the scale of gender discrimination in hiring practices in Uzbekistan (2022)
Working towards gender equality in Tajikistan’s labor market (2022)
Taking the long way home: Women and transport in Serbia (2021)
Mainstreaming gender in public procurement (2021)
Back to the future: Harnessing women’s capital for new growth in Turkey (2021)
Amidst the pandemic, Moldovan businesses face growing anxiety (2021)
Beyond the campaign: Amplifying our efforts to end gender-based violence in Uzbekistan (2020)
Roads to inclusion in North Macedonia: Why does it matter? (2020)
How to energize gender equality in a large power company in Serbia (2020)
Gender in Country Reports
Armenia Public Finance Review: Enhancing Fiscal Policy Efficiency (2024)
Kazakhstan: Strengthening Public Finance for Inclusive and Resilient Growth: Public Finance Review (2024)
Armenia Public Expenditure Review: Improving Spending Efficiency (2023)
North Macedonia Public Finance Review - Education (2023)
Financing Our Future: How to improve the Efficiency of Education Spending in North Macedonia (2023)
Tajikistan Agrifood Sector and Public Expenditure Review (2021)
Kyrgyz Republic Public Expenditure Review: Better Spending for Building Human Capital (2021)
Georgia Public Expenditure Review: Building a Sustainable Future (2017)
Serbia Public Finance Review: Toward a Sustainable and Efficient Fiscal Policy (2015)
Moldova Public Expenditure Review: Agriculture (2015)
Türkiye at the Frontier: Human Capital Utilization, Jobs and Equity - Technical Diagnostic (2024)
Jobs Diagnostic for Bosnia and Herzegovina: Implications of Coal Transition (2024)
Turkey Jobs Diagnostic (2019)
Tajikistan Jobs Diagnostic: Strategic Framework for Jobs (2017)
Kosovo Jobs Diagnostic (2017)
Moldova Poverty Assessment 2016: A Jobs Diagnostic for Moldova - 10 Key Facts (2016)
Bosnia and Herzegovina Country Economic Memorandum (2024)
Leveraging Global Value Chains for growth in Turkey: A Turkey Country Economic Memorandum (2022)
Kosovo Country Economic Memorandum, November 2021: Raising Firm Productivity (2021)
Kosovo Country Economic Memorandum, November 2021: Gearing Up for a More Productive Future (2021)
Albania Country Economic Memorandum: Strengthening the Sustainability of Albania’s Growth Model (2021)
Transport:
Addressing Barriers to Women’s Participation in Transport: Global, ECA, and MENA Perspectives (2025)
Breaking Barriers to Women’s Employment in Azerbaijan (2024)
Energy:
Exploring Opportunities for Women’s Empowerment in the Energy Sector in Central Asia (2024)
Exploring Opportunities for Gender Diversity in the Mining and Energy Sector in Serbia (2022)
Health: