00:00 And good evening,
00:01 depending on where uh you're joining from.
00:04 Welcome to the second module of a learning program
00:07 called Learning for the Ambulance on Force Displacement.
00:11 Uh,
00:11 the training program is organized by the
00:13 Building the Evidence on Force Displacement Program,
00:15 which is a research program,
00:17 a partnership between
00:18 the UK government,
00:19 the UNHCR,
00:20 and the World Bank,
00:21 and in collaboration with the World Bank,
00:23 UNHCR Joint Data Center on Force Displacement.
00:27 My name is Paula Elis.
00:28 Uh,
00:29 I am an impact evaluation specialist with the Building
00:31 the Evidence Program and the World Bank FCD Group.
00:34 I am joined today by Jenny Krugman,
00:36 who is a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution
00:38 and a former director of gender and Development at the World Bank.
00:42 Jenny will be uh leading the delivery of today's uh training session.
00:47 Before we get started,
00:49 I'd like to go uh through a little bit the logistics of the meetings.
00:54 Uh,
00:54 kindly know that the meeting is being recorded.
00:57 The recording will be posted on the,
00:59 um,
01:00 uh,
01:00 training program website.
01:01 Um,
01:02 however,
01:03 discussions that will be had in the,
01:04 uh,
01:05 breakout rooms will not be recorded.
01:07 Um,
01:08 you are encouraged to keep your camera on.
01:10 Uh,
01:10 that makes it nice for the speakers to see directly their audience.
01:14 Uh,
01:14 and kindly also make sure to,
01:17 um,
01:17 that your microphone is on mute when you're not speaking.
01:20 We're going to have 90 minutes for this session.
01:22 There's going to be opportunities for,
01:24 uh,
01:24 to ask questions throughout and you can do that by raising your hand,
01:27 um,
01:28 or,
01:29 um,
01:29 by typing them directly in the chat,
01:31 which will be monitored.
01:33 And
01:34 kindly,
01:35 uh,
01:35 we wanted to ask as well if you can rename yourself by,
01:39 um,
01:40 typing your name
01:41 and your affiliation and to do that in case Zoom has done it for you.
01:45 To do that,
01:46 you
01:46 right click on the three dots that are next to your name,
01:49 uh,
01:49 and you,
01:50 and you type in.
01:51 Thanks for,
01:52 for doing that.
01:53 And um,
01:54 uh,
01:55 we'd like to invite you as well to
01:58 Introduce yourselves in the chat,
01:59 type your name,
02:00 your affiliation,
02:01 where you're joining from,
02:02 uh,
02:03 so that we all get acquainted with the,
02:05 with each other.
02:07 Uh,
02:07 again,
02:08 welcome to today's module on,
02:10 uh,
02:10 force displacement and gender.
02:12 Uh,
02:12 this is the 2nd module in a series of 8.
02:16 we started last week on Wednesday,
02:17 and this will be a,
02:19 uh,
02:19 Wednesday,
02:20 uh,
02:20 meeting,
02:21 uh,
02:21 reoccurrence.
02:22 Um,
02:25 I don't see.
02:27 Uh,
02:28 any of you introducing in the chat.
02:30 So let me just say it again.
02:31 It'd be nice if you can come in and uh say who you are and,
02:34 uh,
02:34 uh,
02:35 your work and the organization you work with and where you're joining from.
02:38 That's great.
02:39 Thanks,
02:39 uh,
02:40 for doing that.
02:40 And,
02:41 uh,
02:41 also,
02:42 uh,
02:42 I don't see many cameras on.
02:44 Maybe that's just my,
02:45 my Zoom,
02:46 but uh please do that if you're able.
02:48 Um,
02:49 and,
02:50 uh,
02:51 I'll stop there and uh give the floor to Jenny.
02:54 Uh,
02:54 she's going to be leading the delivery of today's module.
02:57 And um,
02:59 Uh,
02:59 yes,
03:00 uh,
03:00 I wish everyone to enjoy the session and we meet back again in the end.
03:06 Over to you,
03:06 Jenny.
03:07 Thank you.
03:08 Thanks so much,
03:09 Paula,
03:09 and thanks very much uh
03:12 to the World Bank and UNHCR and of course the
03:15 support of the UK government which enabled us to um
03:19 explore
03:20 the gender dimensions of forced displacement.
03:23 Um,
03:23 I've been
03:24 working on this issue now for several years together with,
03:28 um,
03:28 Diana Rungo who's going to be,
03:30 um,
03:31 Uh,
03:33 leading the,
03:34 the panel discussion,
03:35 um,
03:36 later,
03:36 uh,
03:37 in the session,
03:38 as well as Lucia Hanna,
03:39 um,
03:40 and,
03:41 uh,
03:42 had the pleasure of working with a number of
03:44 the people who are involved in today's session,
03:46 and including,
03:47 uh,
03:48 Jocelyn Kelly from Harvard.
03:49 So,
03:50 it's,
03:50 um,
03:51 it's very nice to have the opportunity,
03:53 uh,
03:53 to share some of these findings,
03:54 and also,
03:55 I think,
03:55 to have some
03:56 Um,
03:57 discussion
03:58 and,
03:59 um,
04:00 uh,
04:00 feedback,
04:01 uh,
04:01 and some learning around,
04:03 um,
04:03 some of the,
04:04 some of the key findings.
04:06 The way we've,
04:07 uh,
04:08 structured the session
04:09 is,
04:10 um,
04:11 to focus initially,
04:12 um,
04:13 on the headline findings.
04:15 It was quite a broad program
04:17 of research on the gender dimensions of,
04:19 of forced displacement,
04:21 um.
04:22 So I'll be looking uh at the
04:25 findings around
04:26 uh the risks of poverty and constraints on livelihoods,
04:31 uh,
04:31 that'll be followed by um,
04:33 a small
04:34 group breakup to which,
04:35 uh,
04:36 each of you will be randomly assigned,
04:39 and then we'll come back,
04:40 um,
04:41 and focus on gender-based violence,
04:44 um.
04:45 Again,
04:46 highlighting the findings from our recent empirical research,
04:50 and then turning to an expert panel,
04:51 which includes um
04:53 some great operational
04:55 experience,
04:56 um,
04:57 um,
04:58 repre senior representation from UNHCR
05:01 as well as,
05:02 um,
05:03 uh,
05:03 leading academics.
05:05 And then at the end,
05:06 we're going to have a,
05:06 a very quick quiz.
05:07 I promise it's not too hard,
05:09 it's multiple choice,
05:10 um,
05:10 and Paula will also wrap up then.
05:13 So,
05:14 um,
05:14 let me just turn then to,
05:17 uh,
05:17 the research program that I mentioned,
05:19 um,
05:20 which was started or launched several years ago,
05:23 uh,
05:23 as I mentioned with the support of,
05:26 um,
05:27 the UK government,
05:28 which enabled us to,
05:30 I think,
05:31 Frankly,
05:32 for the first time,
05:33 um,
05:34 undertake deep,
05:35 uh,
05:36 investigations across,
05:37 um,
05:37 uh,
05:38 multiple countries to try and look at the ways in which
05:41 forced displacement has differential effects,
05:45 um,
05:45 and we structured the work around,
05:48 um,
05:49 Um,
05:50 investigations,
05:51 into poverty and different dimensions of poverty,
05:54 into livelihoods.
05:55 Um,
05:55 we had
05:57 interesting papers as well,
05:58 about impacts on norms,
06:00 as well as several,
06:01 um,
06:02 investigations into gender-based violence.
06:04 And we tried to keep,
06:05 um,
06:06 the policy and programming implications at the forefront,
06:10 um,
06:10 of the work as well.
06:11 And so,
06:12 I'll try and bring both of those aspects into,
06:16 um,
06:16 the discussion today.
06:18 So as I mentioned,
06:19 um,
06:19 we had a number of countries subject to investigation,
06:23 um,
06:23 so we did detailed,
06:25 kind of country level investigations in 8 countries,
06:28 and then we also had several papers which undertook,
06:31 um,
06:32 Uh,
06:33 comparative studies across,
06:34 uh,
06:35 several countries at a time,
06:36 and they covered a total of 17 countries.
06:39 Uh,
06:39 I think a couple of points to make at the outset are that we used,
06:43 um,
06:44 existing data sets.
06:45 Uh,
06:46 we didn't include,
06:47 um,
06:48 newly,
06:49 uh,
06:49 commissioned or collected data.
06:50 I know the number of you,
06:52 uh,
06:52 participated
06:53 in the session last week and would be familiar with,
06:56 um,
06:57 Uh,
06:57 a number of the,
06:58 both opportunities and constraints that we face on the data front.
07:01 Um,
07:02 the information that we were using was collected mainly at the household level,
07:06 but also,
07:07 um,
07:08 uh,
07:08 within the households,
07:09 um,
07:10 collecting,
07:10 uh,
07:11 individual level data,
07:12 um,
07:13 and then we used,
07:14 um,
07:15 in a couple of cases,
07:16 um,
07:17 uh,
07:18 the,
07:18 uh,
07:19 labor force surveys and,
07:21 um,
07:21 school surveys as well.
07:23 Um,
07:23 I think the other point I want to make at the outset is
07:27 that most of the data that we're
07:28 exploring uh pertain to internally displaced people
07:33 rather than refugees.
07:34 Um,
07:35 and I'll try and be explicit throughout,
07:37 um,
07:37 and distinguish,
07:38 um,
07:39 where there are differences,
07:40 but,
07:41 uh,
07:41 for the most part,
07:42 um,
07:42 and indeed largely due to data constraints,
07:45 um,
07:46 we are presenting results about,
07:49 um,
07:49 internal displacement.
07:51 So,
07:52 uh,
07:52 let me kind of turn now to,
07:55 uh,
07:56 the results around,
07:57 um,
07:58 poverty and inequality.
07:59 Uh,
08:00 we had several papers here.
08:01 Uh,
08:01 we had the good fortune of being able to work with the Oxford
08:05 Poverty and Human Development Initiative,
08:06 Sabina Alkari and colleagues.
08:09 And what they did was,
08:11 um,
08:12 Further developed and adapt the multi-dimensional poverty index,
08:16 uh,
08:16 which has been used in a range of contexts.
08:18 Some of you may be familiar with,
08:20 um,
08:21 uh,
08:22 how that's been used in,
08:23 in a variety of settings,
08:25 and it's published by the Global Human Development Report,
08:28 um,
08:28 among other.
08:29 Um,
08:31 uh,
08:31 venues and of course,
08:32 explicitly recognized in sustainable development goals.
08:36 So what they did was develop a new version of
08:39 the index and apply that to 5 African countries,
08:41 which I've listed here.
08:43 And what we were able to do was systematically compare displaced,
08:47 and host households,
08:48 and I'll turn to the results of that in a moment.
08:51 Um,
08:51 we also undertook,
08:52 um,
08:54 Studies looking at monetary poverty.
08:56 So this is the,
08:57 if you like,
08:57 the more traditional
08:59 measure of poverty often used by the World Bank
09:02 in two settings,
09:04 Syria and Jordan,
09:06 um,
09:07 again,
09:08 um,
09:08 using innovative methods which I think provided important insight.
09:11 So
09:12 let me just highlight
09:13 the key findings on the monetary poverty side.
09:16 Um,
09:16 I think one important and possibly surprising finding
09:20 is that the gender of the household head.
09:23 Was not always the sole predictor of,
09:25 of poverty risk,
09:26 or,
09:26 um,
09:27 who was worst off.
09:28 Uh,
09:29 and in fact,
09:30 in,
09:30 um,
09:31 a couple of settings,
09:32 specifically Somalia and Jordan,
09:34 um,
09:35 it was the case that male-headed households,
09:38 uh,
09:38 tended to be,
09:39 um,
09:39 income poorer than female-headed households.
09:42 At the same time,
09:43 uh,
09:44 we did find that gender does influence poverty risk,
09:48 and indeed,
09:49 uh,
09:49 particular characteristics.
09:51 So for example,
09:52 Um,
09:53 women,
09:53 um,
09:54 who were single and also with children in the
09:57 household were much more likely to be poor,
09:59 and the same was true,
10:01 um,
10:02 for IDP widows,
10:03 uh,
10:04 living outside of IDP settlements.
10:06 Um,
10:07 and then a more general finding which I think is important to underline
10:11 is,
10:11 and it relates to,
10:12 um,
10:13 our focus on livelihoods,
10:15 is that having income earners
10:17 in the household
10:18 is very important for reducing poverty risk,
10:21 um,
10:21 whether these be male or female.
10:24 Income earners,
10:26 uh,
10:26 and that was true both for displaced and non-displaced households.
10:29 Interestingly,
10:30 however,
10:31 what we found was that for IDP households,
10:34 it was actually female earners who reduced the poverty impact the most,
10:39 um,
10:40 whereas among non-displaced households,
10:42 More,
10:43 having more male earners,
10:44 um,
10:45 was associated with lower risk.
10:46 So there's some interesting patterns which don't necessarily,
10:49 um,
10:50 uh,
10:51 align with,
10:52 um,
10:52 pre-existing expectations.
10:54 That was on the monetary poverty side.
10:56 Turning now to the multi-dimensional poverty,
10:59 um,
11:00 I don't have time to go into the details of the methodology,
11:03 but basically it captures measures of well-being across health,
11:08 education,
11:08 living standards,
11:09 and financial security,
11:11 and it does this,
11:12 uh,
11:12 where possible at the individual level,
11:14 um,
11:15 but some dimensions are only captured at the,
11:17 um,
11:18 household level.
11:18 So for example,
11:19 access to water or,
11:21 or having a flush toilet or
11:23 the type of flooring and so on.
11:25 Um,
11:25 and here,
11:27 The findings across the five countries that I mentioned earlier
11:30 were really quite striking,
11:31 um,
11:32 possibly not surprising,
11:34 uh,
11:35 that displacement was associated with,
11:37 uh,
11:38 worse,
11:39 um,
11:40 Uh,
11:41 deprivation status,
11:42 so much higher risks of,
11:43 um,
11:44 multi-dimensional poverty,
11:46 however,
11:46 the influence of gender tended to vary,
11:49 uh,
11:49 so in some cases,
11:50 um,
11:51 uh,
11:53 Households,
11:54 um,
11:54 girls in households and women in households
11:56 were worse off in some other dimensions,
11:57 not necessarily.
11:59 It seemed to be worst affected,
12:01 um,
12:02 uh,
12:03 in the domain of education,
12:05 in particular,
12:05 girls' schooling,
12:06 uh,
12:06 being most disrupted by displacement.
12:09 Um,
12:09 and what we also found,
12:11 uh,
12:11 through this analysis
12:13 was that women were less likely to have legal identification,
12:17 um,
12:18 and access to employment,
12:20 um,
12:20 if they were displaced relative to if they were not displaced.
12:24 Um,
12:24 and I think this is quite a nice summary of the findings on the multi-dimensional.
12:28 Poverty.
12:29 So basically,
12:29 this is by country.
12:30 So Ethiopia,
12:32 it was in northeast Nigeria,
12:33 Somalia,
12:34 South Sudan,
12:35 and Sudan.
12:36 The darker bars here indicate the displaced.
12:40 The brown is the women,
12:41 the black is the men.
12:43 So broadly speaking,
12:44 you can see that,
12:45 well,
12:46 the overall picture is that the displaced are worst off.
12:49 Overall,
12:50 um,
12:50 in some cases,
12:51 the women are worse off,
12:53 in some cases,
12:54 they're quite similar,
12:55 um,
12:56 and then we can also see as well,
12:59 um,
12:59 with respect to host households,
13:01 uh,
13:02 oftentimes,
13:03 um,
13:03 well,
13:03 not oftentimes,
13:04 in,
13:04 In some of the cases,
13:05 the women
13:07 are worst off.
13:07 This is the,
13:08 the kind of light orange relative to the green.
13:11 Uh,
13:11 in some cases,
13:12 they're pretty similar,
13:13 as in northeast Nigeria
13:15 and South Sudan.
13:16 So these are the findings with respect to,
13:18 um,
13:19 multi-dimensional poverty,
13:21 um,
13:21 and just to flag that in all of these cases,
13:23 um,
13:24 all of these settings,
13:25 um,
13:26 the comparison here is with respect to,
13:28 um,
13:29 internally displaced people relative
13:32 to,
13:32 um,
13:34 Uh,
13:34 host
13:35 community,
13:35 except in the case of Ethiopia,
13:38 um,
13:38 where there was data on refugees.
13:41 Um,
13:41 so I've already alluded to the importance of livelihoods and so wanted now
13:46 to
13:47 share with you the results that we found on those fronts.
13:51 We had several
13:53 investigations
13:54 in Darfur,
13:55 Sudan,
13:56 um,
13:56 in Ethiopia,
13:58 in Somalia,
13:59 and northeast Nigeria.
14:01 And here,
14:01 what we found is that there are indeed significant constraints on
14:06 um
14:07 the economic opportunities of displaced women,
14:10 um,
14:11 especially because of their limited education levels,
14:15 um,
14:16 again,
14:16 varying by setting,
14:18 uh,
14:18 and oftentimes as well because of the very substantial,
14:21 uh,
14:21 care responsibilities that they were carrying in particular for,
14:25 for children.
14:26 Um,
14:26 and we found this in,
14:28 in Ethiopia,
14:29 among refugees.
14:30 Um,
14:32 and,
14:32 uh,
14:32 it,
14:33 what seemed to be happening was that gender norms were,
14:37 um,
14:37 limiting women's,
14:38 uh,
14:38 opportunities outside the home,
14:40 and as well
14:42 as is the case in most settings around the world,
14:45 meant that they were bearing,
14:46 um,
14:47 uh,
14:47 the care responsibilities at home.
14:49 Um.
14:51 What we found in Somalia,
14:53 um,
14:54 was that,
14:55 um,
14:55 and elsewhere,
14:56 is that participation in paid work is indeed important,
15:00 um,
15:01 in reducing poverty risk.
15:02 Uh,
15:02 but what we also found is that,
15:04 uh,
15:05 the types of opportunities available for women,
15:07 or in which they're engaged,
15:09 um,
15:09 actually had very low earnings relative to men.
15:12 Um,
15:13 so,
15:13 The impacts on poverty were less than,
15:15 uh,
15:16 would otherwise
15:17 have been the case.
15:18 Um,
15:19 and so you can see here,
15:21 um,
15:22 uh,
15:23 the results in the graph,
15:24 um,
15:25 which is a comparison between,
15:27 uh,
15:27 IDPs and hosts.
15:29 This is in the case of,
15:30 uh,
15:30 Darfur.
15:31 And so you can see for men,
15:33 um,
15:34 quite similar rates of,
15:35 um,
15:36 employment,
15:37 um,
15:37 and indeed,
15:38 um,
15:40 uh,
15:41 uh.
15:42 Between,
15:42 with the IDPs and hosts,
15:44 whereas for women,
15:45 um,
15:46 the women were actually working at,
15:47 at higher rates,
15:48 so that's kind of an interesting finding there.
15:51 However,
15:51 when we look at the poverty rates,
15:53 um,
15:54 in both cases,
15:55 uh,
15:55 for men and for women,
15:57 um,
15:57 there are higher rates of poverty,
15:59 uh,
16:00 among the displaced,
16:01 um,
16:02 Uh,
16:02 relative to the host communities,
16:04 and,
16:05 um,
16:06 this is despite the fact that they're working at least as much as,
16:09 um,
16:10 the host communities,
16:11 so that
16:12 tends to,
16:13 um,
16:14 point to low earnings,
16:15 of course,
16:16 as a,
16:17 um,
16:18 as a,
16:19 um,
16:19 characteristic of the,
16:21 the opportunities which are available.
16:23 Um,
16:24 so,
16:24 as I mentioned,
16:25 um,
16:26 the women in Darfur were working more,
16:28 um,
16:29 than the non-IDP women,
16:31 but,
16:31 um,
16:31 but more likely to be poor still.
16:34 Um,
16:35 and what we found in,
16:36 um,
16:37 Ethiopia,
16:38 which is not shown in the graph here,
16:40 is that refugees were actually less likely to be employed.
16:44 Um,
16:46 this is data from 2018,
16:48 I should add,
16:48 or,
16:49 or 2017,
16:50 uh,
16:50 so obviously prior to the
16:52 The current crisis,
16:53 um,
16:55 But,
16:56 um,
16:57 interestingly,
16:57 the gender gaps in employment were larger among hosts than refugees.
17:02 Um,
17:03 so overall the displaced were less likely to be,
17:06 to be working,
17:07 um,
17:08 but
17:08 the host women were also less likely.
17:11 To be working.
17:13 Um,
17:13 so what we wanted to do now to try and,
17:16 uh,
17:17 uh,
17:18 kind of enable exchange,
17:19 um,
17:20 and,
17:21 um,
17:22 uh,
17:23 some,
17:23 uh,
17:23 interaction in the session,
17:25 was to ask you to break out into small groups,
17:29 um,
17:29 and our,
17:30 um,
17:31 uh,
17:31 Natalia,
17:32 uh,
17:32 who's providing excellent technical support,
17:34 will push you into a group,
17:37 um,
17:38 and so we'll basically divide you up,
17:39 um,
17:40 so there's evenly signed.
17:41 Um,
17:42 size groups.
17:43 And what I,
17:44 what we would like you to discuss,
17:46 um,
17:47 are these two points.
17:48 Um,
17:49 firstly,
17:50 what,
17:50 if anything,
17:51 has surprised you so far about the,
17:53 um,
17:54 the findings that I've shared.
17:56 And secondly,
17:57 although we've not talked about this,
17:59 how would you advise a government
18:02 that wanted to address these gender disadvantages and poverty and livelihoods
18:07 in displacement settings?
18:08 What would you advise them
18:11 to do?
18:11 Um,
18:12 I would,
18:13 um,
18:13 request that each Group,
18:15 choose a rapporteur
18:17 at the beginning,
18:18 um,
18:19 someone to report back to the plenary,
18:21 um,
18:22 when we return.
18:23 Um,
18:24 it'll just be a very
18:25 short report back,
18:26 um,
18:27 you know,
18:27 30 seconds or so.
18:29 So just
18:30 bang bang,
18:30 uh,
18:31 share what you discussed in the group,
18:33 um,
18:34 and then,
18:35 uh,
18:35 we'll move on to the focus in,
18:37 um,
18:39 On,
18:39 um,
18:39 gender-based violence.
18:41 Uh,
18:41 I think we'll have about 8 minutes or so,
18:44 uh,
18:44 for the breakup.
18:45 Um,
18:46 and if you have questions,
18:47 please come back,
18:48 um,
18:48 and,
18:49 um,
18:49 ask,
18:50 uh,
18:51 myself or one of the other resource people can also,
18:53 uh,
18:54 respond
18:55 to those.
18:55 So,
18:55 Natalia,
18:56 over to you to,
18:57 um,
18:58 set up the,
19:00 The breakout groups.
19:30 OK.
19:31 Um,
19:33 I think we have
19:35 Everybody back in the plenary?
19:37 Is that right?
19:55 Uh,
19:56 can I ask,
19:57 um,
19:58 group one?
19:59 To report back,
20:00 uh,
20:01 that was Clara,
20:02 Diana,
20:03 Mari,
20:04 Mohammad,
20:04 Omar,
20:05 Sharon,
20:06 and Zina.
20:08 Uh,
20:08 sure.
20:08 Hi,
20:09 hi everybody.
20:10 Um,
20:10 no,
20:10 we had a really
20:12 interesting discussion around,
20:13 um,
20:15 you know,
20:15 the what we would advise a government.
20:19 Um,
20:19 I think very much we all were in agreement that all kind of livelihood,
20:24 um,
20:25 programming
20:26 really needs to take an AGD approach,
20:28 so like looking at age,
20:29 gender,
20:30 and diversity.
20:31 Um,
20:31 so it's not just about creating a program that is specific for
20:36 women,
20:36 but it's really looking at the holistic program and making sure
20:40 that,
20:41 um,
20:41 we're thinking.
20:42 Thinking through how do different recipients in,
20:45 in households
20:46 um
20:47 have acceptance into these programs
20:50 and then we also talked a little bit about,
20:52 you know,
20:52 ensuring,
20:53 um,
20:54 host communities
20:55 and um displaced communities receive equal access
21:00 to whatever programming is being introduced,
21:02 so more of an area-based approach rather than a status approach.
21:06 Thank you.
21:07 OK,
21:07 thank you so much.
21:08 Um,
21:09 group two.
21:11 Ahmed,
21:11 Elizabeth,
21:12 Nanda,
21:13 uh,
21:14 Reddit Silva,
21:16 Sylvia.
21:17 Hello,
21:18 I,
21:18 I'll report.
21:19 So basically for the first question,
21:22 I guess it was related to when it,
21:25 looking at the graph when it that represented the
21:28 application of the research on the five countries,
21:32 we were,
21:32 at least myself and some of the colleagues were
21:36 interested that there is no
21:39 pattern
21:40 that can be
21:43 Describing the situation exactly across every place,
21:46 at least when we're looking at it,
21:48 there was
21:49 in certain areas more women have more in certain areas,
21:54 local is a result between the displaced population and most communities
22:00 are closed and so
22:01 we could
22:03 in a way there is no significant
22:05 at least.
22:06 pattern that's consistent across the board.
22:09 Second element is related to the second set of graphs is,
22:15 it's most clear is that there is
22:18 higher poverty rates in the displaced populations in generally.
22:23 And this is where it came that women started to go into labor market or women,
22:28 women,
22:28 earner women into,
22:31 jumped into labor market
22:32 trying to close
22:34 the poverty gap.
22:36 Uh,
22:36 so in many cases the jump into labor market is not because of policy or not because of
22:41 uh enhancement of programs,
22:43 it's just
22:44 an,
22:45 an attempt to with what is whatever available
22:48 to close that gap.
22:50 on the advice to the government,
22:52 I guess we as the first group,
22:54 social cohesion
22:56 implemented in the program,
22:57 so it's more inclusive
22:59 programs not dependent on certain status but also directed into incorporating the
23:06 displaced population within
23:08 same footage with the host community in general
23:12 and the other element or the other point,
23:15 especially in
23:16 A refugee displaced population is the enhancement of documentation or
23:21 improving the access to services when it comes to documentation.
23:24 This is one of the colleagues who are reporting specifically within
23:28 a refugee situation.
23:30 Normally this IDB situation are are from the same government or same country.
23:36 They have better access to labor market or
23:39 and other elements than displaced population without proper documentation.
23:44 Thank you.
23:45 Great.
23:46 Thank you.
23:47 Uh,
23:47 these are great report backs.
23:49 Uh,
23:49 group 3,
23:52 Do you want to go ahead?
23:58 That was Alan,
23:59 actually,
23:59 I can't see all the,
24:01 um,
24:03 Uh,
24:04 Aswan Dao,
24:06 Maha
24:07 Nan.
24:09 Uh,
24:10 and an acronym.
24:11 I can't see that.
24:13 So,
24:13 um,
24:15 Thank you,
24:15 thank you,
24:15 Jenny.
24:16 Um,
24:16 so,
24:16 group three,
24:17 we have quite an interesting discussion.
24:19 Um,
24:20 um,
24:21 some of the few things that came out that surprised or that,
24:24 um,
24:25 were interesting
24:27 from your presentation,
24:29 um,
24:30 was centered around the,
24:33 the fact that women in displa,
24:34 uh,
24:34 dis displaced women,
24:36 um,
24:37 were working,
24:38 um,
24:40 At a higher rate than um
24:42 than the women in the host community,
24:44 um,
24:45 but still remained uh poorer than the host community.
24:48 This came as um one of the issues that was,
24:50 was surprising.
24:52 In relation to this,
24:54 I think there was some curiosity around
24:56 uh whether the cause for,
24:58 for this um statistic was because of
25:01 The humanitarian and development interventions
25:04 uh that were targeted at
25:06 um displaced women and also
25:09 around the fact that maybe displaced women had uh a certain sense of urgency,
25:13 um,
25:14 to reestablish their lives.
25:16 Um,
25:16 and so maybe
25:18 that resulted in,
25:19 in them,
25:20 uh,
25:20 being more active,
25:21 uh,
25:21 in terms of finding,
25:23 finding work or employment.
25:25 Another thing that came um by way of surprise was
25:29 uh the point about
25:31 the
25:32 household income in displacement,
25:35 um,
25:35 that registered that,
25:37 um,
25:37 male-headed households tended to have um
25:41 a lower
25:42 household income compared to female-headed households.
25:46 Um,
25:46 and,
25:46 uh,
25:46 the point was raised that this
25:48 kind of
25:50 Displays the,
25:51 the anecdotal narrative,
25:53 um,
25:54 that seemed to suggest that um male-headed households or male
25:59 adult males in households uh tended to result in
26:03 uh higher income.
26:04 So it was a very interesting finding.
26:06 Um,
26:06 one advice that we
26:09 thought would be very helpful to the government,
26:11 uh,
26:11 I'm sorry,
26:12 the comments that came in our book were made by
26:14 Maya from the Norwegian Embassy,
26:17 um,
26:18 And also in Uganda and also
26:21 our colleague Nuran um in Mali.
26:24 Um,
26:25 um,
26:25 and one of the advice that came um up in the group that I find
26:29 was very useful
26:31 was,
26:32 um,
26:33 in align in alignment or in um
26:37 With regards to the GCR,
26:38 the Global Compact on refugees in particular,
26:41 um,
26:42 the,
26:43 the aim of having,
26:45 um,
26:45 displaced persons integrated into national development plans,
26:49 uh,
26:49 or local or regional development plans was very,
26:52 um,
26:52 instrumental in
26:54 ensuring that the interventions that are made to address
26:57 issues like poverty
26:58 are sustainable,
27:00 um,
27:00 and don't fizzle out when humanitarian support,
27:03 uh,
27:03 dries up.
27:04 Uh,
27:04 and,
27:05 um.
27:06 Our colleague Nan from,
27:07 um,
27:07 from Mali gave a very excellent example,
27:10 uh,
27:10 citing the fact that in Mali,
27:13 um,
27:13 the government was,
27:14 um,
27:15 receptive to,
27:16 uh,
27:17 allowing women to open bank accounts,
27:19 um,
27:20 and just so that enabled them to have that
27:22 financial inclusion and security within the national systems,
27:25 which I know is a barrier in some countries where,
27:28 uh,
27:28 they are excluded from,
27:30 uh,
27:30 from being,
27:31 uh,
27:32 from having access to some of these integrated services.
27:35 Thank you.
27:37 Great.
27:38 Uh,
27:38 really interesting discussions.
27:40 Um,
27:40 we're a little bit short on time,
27:42 so we'll move to,
27:42 to group 4,
27:43 and then Group 5.
27:47 In group 4,
27:47 we had Laura,
27:48 Nana Tebe,
27:50 uh,
27:50 Rosa and Victoria.
27:53 Hi,
27:53 I'm reporting,
27:54 uh,
27:55 though,
27:55 uh,
27:55 inputs came from,
27:56 uh,
27:56 Rosa and Victoria.
27:58 Um,
27:59 the things that,
28:00 uh,
28:01 we talked about,
28:02 uh,
28:02 in terms of,
28:03 uh,
28:03 question one was that women worked almost the same as men,
28:07 um,
28:08 and that IDPs earned less than hosts.
28:11 Um,
28:12 and,
28:13 and,
28:13 um,
28:14 a,
28:14 a solution,
28:15 uh,
28:16 related to,
28:17 to gender norms,
28:18 um,
28:19 which,
28:19 which are
28:20 probably hard,
28:21 uh,
28:21 to,
28:22 to tackle since they are structural issues,
28:24 was that they should be tackled through education,
28:27 but also by supporting,
28:28 uh,
28:29 women-led businesses,
28:31 so that's advice for,
28:32 for governments.
28:33 And,
28:33 uh,
28:34 a second,
28:35 uh,
28:35 surprising finding was that,
28:37 um,
28:38 There was a difference between monetary and multi dimensional poverty,
28:42 um,
28:43 and something
28:44 along those lines were also mentioned by the previous group.
28:47 The female-headed households were better off in terms of monetary poverty
28:51 than male-headed households,
28:53 um,
28:54 while in terms of multi-dimensional poverty,
28:56 they were worse off.
28:58 Uh,
28:58 but I wanted to invite Victoria who brought up this point to maybe add
29:02 to it.
29:04 Uh,
29:05 thank you,
29:05 Laura and Jenny,
29:06 I'll try to be quick.
29:07 What
29:08 it's why it surprised me that
29:11 there is a contradiction
29:13 that in monetary poverty,
29:15 female headed households are better off,
29:18 while the finding from the multi-dimensional poverty speaks of
29:23 limited access to legal identification and access to employment.
29:28 So how,
29:29 you know,
29:30 is it the management of the budget,
29:32 you know,
29:32 in the female household.
29:34 Is better
29:37 or what leads,
29:38 you know,
29:38 to this difference,
29:40 of course,
29:40 you know,
29:41 girls don't have access to education,
29:43 you know,
29:43 there's less access to
29:45 maybe we're talking about formal employment or
29:47 informal employment opportunities for women here,
29:51 but then at the same time the female headed households are still
29:54 better off monetary wise in uh when we talk about monetary poverty.
29:59 I think just one point I should have been more clear.
30:03 This was just in one particular setting,
30:07 um,
30:07 in the case of
30:09 Somalia.
30:10 So in other settings we've actually found that female headed,
30:13 Um,
30:14 are worse off.
30:14 So I think the point that I was trying to make is that they're not always worse off.
30:19 Um,
30:19 and I think that the common theme here is that,
30:23 given the diversity of findings across different settings,
30:27 um,
30:28 it is important to undertake
30:30 country and context-specific analysis to really understand.
30:35 Um,
30:35 what is going on and in turn,
30:37 what the drivers are.
30:39 Um,
30:39 so sorry if I misled you on the,
30:41 um,
30:42 on the monetary poverty.
30:43 It varied across circumstances,
30:45 but there were some
30:46 surprising findings in the sense that,
30:48 um,
30:49 uh,
30:50 in at least one setting,
30:51 um,
30:52 the,
30:52 um,
30:52 the monetary
30:54 poverty rates were higher among,
30:55 um,
30:56 the,
30:57 uh,
30:57 female,
30:58 the male-headed households.
30:59 So let me stop there
31:00 and turn to,
31:02 I guess,
31:02 group five.
31:07 Sure,
31:07 I will,
31:08 uh,
31:09 report from Group 5.
31:11 we have discussed many of the same things as the other groups,
31:14 but,
31:14 uh,
31:15 one thing that the members were
31:17 surprised about was the little difference
31:20 between the availability of livelihood activities
31:23 and or formal employment.
31:25 We weren't sure about that for both
31:27 host community women and
31:29 IDP women
31:30 because we assume that it would be lower for IDP
31:34 women.
31:35 Uh,
31:36 second,
31:36 would,
31:37 uh,
31:37 same as the group three talked about was also women-led households and,
31:43 uh,
31:43 how the poverty rates would be less,
31:47 uh,
31:47 when you had an employed or a woman with an income.
31:52 Um.
31:54 In relation to that,
31:55 we looked at some,
31:57 uh,
31:57 some
31:58 suggestions for government
32:01 uh where
32:04 2 would look at the last surprise,
32:07 so we would
32:08 target more of these
32:10 women-led businesses and income opportunities for women,
32:14 women.
32:15 Uh,
32:16 but we also talked shortly about the need
32:20 to help governments to have proper safety nets
32:24 for both IDPs and
32:26 host communities when it comes to
32:30 incomes,
32:31 as it is so important for the level of poverty.
32:35 Thank you.
32:36 If someone wants to add something from my group,
32:39 please do so.
32:45 I think that's great.
32:46 Um,
32:47 and,
32:48 I mean,
32:49 the nice thing is that,
32:50 you know,
32:50 there are a series of subsequent sessions,
32:52 including those focused on livelihoods and jobs,
32:55 um,
32:56 as well as social protection,
32:57 which will enable you to,
32:59 to dive more deeply into,
33:01 um,
33:02 uh,
33:02 the issues surrounding,
33:04 uh,
33:05 that type of programming.
33:06 Just on the livelihoods and women accessing,
33:09 um,
33:10 Work,
33:11 I think it's important to underline
33:13 that
33:14 the what we have there is just a binary variable,
33:17 so it's engaged in work.
33:20 There's a whole range of different types of work,
33:22 and indeed some of that is very
33:25 lowly paid.
33:27 And,
33:28 um,
33:29 you know,
33:29 just eking out,
33:30 um,
33:31 kind of activities,
33:32 uh,
33:32 either self-employed or in some type of family,
33:35 um,
33:35 enterprise.
33:36 So,
33:37 um,
33:37 there's a whole range,
33:38 it's not only formal employment,
33:40 um,
33:40 it's a whole range of informal and,
33:42 and other livelihood activities,
33:43 um,
33:44 which may account for the fact that kind of women are managing
33:47 to find something,
33:48 um,
33:49 uh,
33:50 to help support their households.
33:51 Um,
33:52 I don't want to,
33:53 um,
33:54 constrain our panel too much,
33:56 uh,
33:56 in terms of time,
33:57 so I'm going to move fairly quickly.
34:00 Uh,
34:00 now through a series of slides about gender-based violence.
34:05 Um,
34:06 what I'm going to do is to present some definitions,
34:09 um,
34:10 although I'm sure that many of you are familiar,
34:12 uh,
34:12 with the lay of the land here.
34:14 Um,
34:15 I'm going to present some key findings,
34:17 um,
34:18 but not go into too much detail because we have Jocelyn,
34:21 and Diana who were very much engaged and indeed leading this research.
34:25 Um,
34:26 and then talk as well about some of the implications for policy and programming,
34:30 but again,
34:31 we have excellent,
34:32 uh,
34:33 folks on the panel,
34:34 um,
34:34 Verena and Constance,
34:35 who can,
34:36 who can speak more to that.
34:37 So,
34:38 apologies for running through this relatively
34:40 quickly.
34:41 We'll,
34:41 of course,
34:41 share the slides afterwards,
34:43 and,
34:44 um,
34:45 Uh,
34:46 there are resources and,
34:47 um,
34:48 a number of,
34:48 uh,
34:49 references that I encourage you to explore if you're interested.
34:53 Um,
34:54 so,
34:56 beginning with the definitions,
34:57 um,
34:58 there are definitions adopted at the international level,
35:01 which I've shown here on the slide.
35:02 I won't go through in detail.
35:04 Um,
35:05 as,
35:05 uh,
35:06 so these have been adopted,
35:07 uh,
35:07 by the World Health Organization,
35:10 um,
35:10 a declaration now.
35:12 30 years ago by the UN General Assembly,
35:16 um,
35:16 as well as the guidance provided by the interagency Standing Committee,
35:21 um,
35:23 which goes on to provide kind of operational guidance for
35:27 responses,
35:28 and I think the important point.
35:30 To underline here that it's of course fixed physical and sexual harm,
35:34 but it extends to
35:36 psychological and emotional violence as well,
35:39 um,
35:39 and it can occur in the public or in the private spheres.
35:44 So,
35:44 uh,
35:44 the private spheres,
35:45 of course,
35:47 um,
35:47 point.
35:48 To,
35:48 um,
35:49 intimate partner violence,
35:50 which was actually,
35:52 uh,
35:52 the area of focus for the work that we were doing,
35:55 um,
35:56 uh,
35:56 under this,
35:57 um,
35:58 research program,
35:59 um,
36:00 and not,
36:00 we weren't looking at,
36:01 for example,
36:02 abuses inflicted by,
36:04 um,
36:05 in public spaces,
36:07 uh,
36:07 by,
36:08 by,
36:08 for example,
36:08 peacekeepers or,
36:10 um,
36:10 um,
36:11 warring parties,
36:13 um.
36:14 The
36:15 forms of GBV,
36:16 I think are usefully outlined as well,
36:19 um,
36:19 in the,
36:20 in the agency's,
36:21 uh,
36:21 guidelines.
36:22 Um,
36:23 and you can see here that it ranges from,
36:26 um,
36:26 from rape through to unwanted touching,
36:30 as well as,
36:31 um,
36:32 early marriage,
36:33 early enforced marriage,
36:34 and female genital,
36:36 uh,
36:36 mutilation.
36:37 Um,
36:39 Men
36:40 can experience violence as well as women,
36:43 but the vast majority of victims and survivors are
36:46 indeed women and girls,
36:48 and as I mentioned,
36:49 the focus of what I'm going to be talking about
36:51 now is very much on the intimate partner violence,
36:54 so that's inflicted.
36:57 By a spouse,
36:57 by a live-in partner or boyfriend,
37:00 um,
37:00 and then
37:02 when we look at the reporting and you'll see some of the rates that,
37:05 um,
37:06 so-called prevalence rates,
37:08 um,
37:08 that have been captured through population surveys,
37:13 um,
37:13 that's
37:14 typically done in terms of the last 12 months.
37:17 So have you experienced these various types of violence
37:20 in the past 12 months,
37:22 and questions have also been asked and sometimes reported.
37:25 Um,
37:25 as,
37:26 as a lifetime rate.
37:28 So,
37:28 to kind of cut to the chase in terms of,
37:31 um,
37:32 the,
37:33 the overall findings,
37:34 you can see here across a whole range of countries,
37:37 the comparison.
37:38 This is just in terms of,
37:40 um,
37:42 Crude rates of violence,
37:43 if you like,
37:44 not with any controls,
37:45 uh,
37:46 comparing
37:47 uh the prevalence,
37:48 um,
37:49 The past year prevalence,
37:51 so this is just in the last,
37:52 uh,
37:53 12 months,
37:54 uh,
37:54 the green bars showed the rates reported by,
37:58 um,
37:59 or experienced by displaced women,
38:01 uh,
38:02 and the orange,
38:03 um,
38:03 show,
38:04 uh,
38:05 the rates reported among,
38:07 uh,
38:07 host communities.
38:08 So you can see here,
38:09 on the one hand,
38:10 systematically,
38:12 um,
38:12 much higher rates in every case,
38:14 uh,
38:14 except,
38:15 um,
38:16 Uh,
38:17 Ethiopia,
38:17 and Mali here,
38:18 but we'll talk about that in a moment,
38:21 um,
38:21 of,
38:22 um,
38:22 experiences of intimate partner violence,
38:24 but also,
38:25 I think,
38:25 very interestingly,
38:27 um,
38:28 that,
38:28 um,
38:30 there's also significant variation across countries.
38:32 So much lower rates,
38:33 for example,
38:34 reported here for Nigeria,
38:36 relative to,
38:37 say,
38:37 for example,
38:38 South Sudan,
38:39 or DRC or indeed Liberia.
38:42 What we were measuring here in the case,
38:45 cases of Mali and Nigeria,
38:48 we didn't have a direct measure of displacement,
38:52 so it was proximity to conflict
38:54 and measures of conflict-related deaths.
38:56 So this is not.
38:59 Uh,
38:59 so it's a slightly different measure,
39:01 which may also account for,
39:02 um,
39:03 the somewhat different results,
39:04 uh,
39:05 in those cases.
39:06 Um,
39:07 I think Dana and others can talk much more to,
39:09 um,
39:11 uh,
39:11 to the underlying drivers and so on.
39:12 So,
39:12 I'll just move through this
39:14 fairly quickly,
39:15 but there are some known risk factors associated with violence,
39:18 including stress,
39:19 including,
39:20 um,
39:21 uh,
39:21 poverty,
39:22 including,
39:23 um,
39:24 Uh,
39:25 availability of social networks and so on.
39:27 And so,
39:28 as well as kind of disruption to,
39:31 to norms,
39:32 um,
39:32 and relationships.
39:33 So all of these things,
39:34 obviously can be affected by displacement,
39:36 and may well lead,
39:37 may well be associated,
39:39 um,
39:39 with higher incidence and prevalence of,
39:42 of intimate partner violence.
39:44 Um,
39:45 this is just an overview slide,
39:46 uh,
39:47 that shows.
39:48 to you that the methods used in each of the studies,
39:50 uh,
39:50 and we have the experts on the panel,
39:52 so they can go into that
39:53 in more detail,
39:54 but you can see that
39:56 it was,
39:56 um,
39:57 statistical research based on existing data,
40:00 which allowed,
40:01 I think,
40:01 um,
40:02 quite careful analysis,
40:04 um,
40:04 and,
40:05 um,
40:05 kind of robust results
40:07 in terms of,
40:08 um,
40:09 the,
40:09 the changes in likelihoods over time.
40:11 Uh,
40:12 we have a comparison paper for Colombia and Liberia,
40:15 um,
40:16 showing,
40:17 uh,
40:17 much worse odds among,
40:19 uh,
40:20 women who were displaced in,
40:21 in both of those settings.
40:22 Of course,
40:23 both of those
40:25 characterized by significant conflict as well as displacement,
40:28 uh,
40:28 but also quite different in many ways.
40:30 So,
40:30 it's interesting,
40:31 uh,
40:31 to think about that.
40:33 Um,
40:33 what we,
40:34 uh,
40:35 looked at in Mali,
40:37 um,
40:37 was in terms of,
40:39 um,
40:40 The um
40:42 Uh,
40:43 the effects of living in a,
40:44 um,
40:45 an area that was,
40:46 um,
40:47 affected,
40:48 um,
40:49 uh,
40:49 by conflict.
40:51 Uh,
40:51 the results here are,
40:53 um,
40:55 I think,
40:56 um,
40:57 quite interesting.
40:58 What we did find,
40:59 what I showed you actually in the graph,
41:01 um,
41:02 was,
41:02 um,
41:03 the crude differences in terms of rates.
41:05 When you actually control,
41:07 um,
41:08 for various factors,
41:09 um,
41:10 which we know are normally associated with intimate partner violence,
41:13 there's actually a higher risk of violence.
41:16 Among
41:17 women who were living in a conflict affected area.
41:20 So whilst you might not see that overall in terms of the population,
41:24 once you undertake more careful analysis,
41:26 indeed
41:27 there were high risks being experienced in those circumstances.
41:30 I won't go into the DRC results because we have Jocelyn on the panel,
41:34 but again
41:35 this was a very,
41:36 I think,
41:36 important.
41:37 Um,
41:38 study in part as well,
41:39 because what they,
41:40 what Jocelyn and Diana and colleagues were able to
41:42 do was to look at the combination of displacement
41:46 and exposure to conflict and how that affected,
41:49 uh,
41:49 the,
41:50 the risk of conflict.
41:51 Uh,
41:51 again,
41:52 introducing a number of controls and known risk factors,
41:55 um,
41:55 and being being able to isolate,
41:58 uh,
41:58 the effect of displacement and more exposure
42:01 on the risk of,
42:02 um,
42:03 of IPV.
42:05 Um,
42:07 and the upshot there was that these factors
42:10 both independently increased the risk of IPV,
42:13 um,
42:13 and it was both
42:14 present and past displacement,
42:16 um,
42:17 which were,
42:17 um,
42:18 worsening this risk.
42:20 Um,
42:20 and then the final part here,
42:21 I know I'm moving way too quickly here,
42:23 but I just wanted to remind you that
42:25 the international legal framework around,
42:28 um,
42:29 The condemnation of violence and the prohibition of violence
42:33 is indeed very clear by now.
42:37 Most countries now have laws in place
42:41 which prohibit violence.
42:43 Many of these countries also criminalize violence,
42:47 so
42:47 this is the share of countries in
42:50 different regions,
42:51 East Asia,
42:52 Europe,
42:52 among the OECD countries in sub-Saharan Africa,
42:56 which have,
42:57 which has now has.
42:59 Place.
43:00 You can see that
43:01 many countries,
43:02 although somewhat,
43:03 um,
43:03 also have criminal,
43:04 criminal penalties,
43:06 um,
43:06 in place,
43:07 and this,
43:08 uh,
43:08 information is tracked systematically by the World Bank,
43:11 under the Women
43:11 Business and the Law Program.
43:13 But the other point I wanted to make here is that
43:16 even where it is
43:19 banned and criminalized,
43:21 very few women report.
43:24 to the police.
43:25 So here actually the heading says low rates,
43:27 but I would say extremely low rates
43:30 of reporting of intimate partner violence
43:33 by survivors.
43:34 So
43:34 the demographic and Health Survey actually asks a question about this,
43:38 and you can see that,
43:39 you know,
43:39 very negligible shares of women who
43:41 are experiencing violence are actually reporting.
43:44 Um,
43:45 uh,
43:45 or seeking help,
43:47 um,
43:47 which I think has very important implications for,
43:50 um,
43:50 policy and programming,
43:51 so that's why I wanted to,
43:53 to flag that here,
43:54 and I'm going to stop,
43:56 I think,
43:56 at this slide,
43:58 um.
43:59 And
44:00 just share the rest with you virtually.
44:03 Um,
44:03 these are some headlines from a policy brief that we put together
44:08 to,
44:08 to highlight
44:09 what we thought would be important policy and programming implications of
44:15 The findings on
44:17 gender-based violence in the context of displacement,
44:21 um,
44:21 starting with the importance of having national laws and policies being in place,
44:25 and there's a number of you
44:27 indicated from the report back,
44:29 integrating displaced people,
44:31 uh,
44:32 explicitly so that they're protected and included in those laws.
44:37 Investments in women's groups,
44:39 which are deliberately,
44:40 um,
44:41 can enable ways of um
44:45 Uh,
44:45 reaching out to,
44:46 uh,
44:47 and connecting with forcibly displaced women.
44:49 Um,
44:50 access to services is important,
44:52 and I think that Verena,
44:53 uh,
44:54 can share the example of,
44:56 uh,
44:56 DRC,
44:56 which I was going to share,
44:57 but I'll allow her to do,
44:59 uh,
44:59 because I'm running out of time,
45:01 um,
45:01 and the ways in which that can be done,
45:03 um,
45:04 both obviously in emergency situations,
45:07 but of course on sustained basis as well.
45:09 Um,
45:10 prevention efforts are clearly very important,
45:13 um,
45:13 and we're learning a lot there about the
45:16 ways in which
45:17 harmful norms
45:19 can be affected and changed at the community level,
45:22 uh,
45:23 the role of safe spaces and so on,
45:25 adapted appropriately,
45:27 uh,
45:27 to,
45:28 to displacement settings.
45:29 And then finally and not least,
45:31 um,
45:32 is the importance of capturing,
45:35 um,
45:36 Uh,
45:36 these risks in,
45:38 um,
45:38 the ways that the data is collected.
45:41 What I've focused on so far is very much quantitative data,
45:44 um,
45:45 as you might have surmised by now,
45:46 we undertook
45:47 this research basically during the COVID period,
45:50 which severely limited,
45:51 Our
45:52 ability to do,
45:53 uh,
45:53 qualitative work,
45:54 although more recent work,
45:55 uh,
45:56 that I think Diana can share
45:58 from,
45:58 um,
45:58 Colombia would help to kind of redress that
46:01 a bit.
46:02 Uh,
46:02 but let me stop here,
46:04 um,
46:05 and I'll just
46:07 flick through to
46:10 Our panel,
46:11 and,
46:11 um,
46:12 and hand over to Diana.
46:14 Thanks,
46:14 Diana.
46:17 Thanks so much,
46:17 Jenny.
46:18 I hope I can keep perfectly on time like you did.
46:21 Um,
46:22 I am so happy to be chairing this panel
46:26 today because not only are,
46:27 are we speaking with three amazing women with amazing careers,
46:31 but they all happen.
46:33 To be my friends or I consider them my friends.
46:35 Um,
46:36 so we have Doctor Justin Kelly from
46:38 Harvard Humanitarian Initiative.
46:40 She's the director there of the Gender Rights and Resilience Program,
46:45 and she designs and implements projects to examine issues related to gender,
46:49 peace,
46:49 and security in fragile states.
46:51 We have Constance Qush from UNHCR.
46:54 She's a senior protection officer there.
46:57 Um,
46:57 and she now
46:59 is
47:00 the head of the GBV unit within the division for International Protection
47:04 at UNHCR headquarters,
47:06 and it's been a pleasure to collaborate with her
47:08 over the years through the gender dimensions of Force Displacement
47:11 and Verenna Phipps,
47:12 a colleague and.
47:14 Friend who's been actually leading the charge on a lot of the implementation
47:19 of work in fragile and conflict affected states looking at gender issues,
47:24 gender-based violence,
47:25 youth at risk,
47:26 forced displacement.
47:28 So this panel is really to turn from
47:31 what do we do,
47:32 what can governments and programmers do with these data.
47:36 And what we've learned through the gender dimensions of force displacement to
47:41 adapt
47:42 and inform their programs moving forward.
47:44 So we have
47:46 3 specialists that work on this on a daily basis to tell us how they think,
47:51 uh,
47:51 we should be taking into account the gender dimensions of
47:54 force displacement or how they have taken them into account
47:58 in the advice that they give governments,
48:00 um,
48:00 or other program partners.
48:03 So let me start off
48:05 and hopefully some of those areas that Jenny alluded to within
48:08 uh the conversation will be pulled out a bit more in the conversation,
48:13 um,
48:13 and happy
48:14 to
48:15 see if you all have questions in the chat,
48:17 try to integrate those as well.
48:19 But let me start off with a basic kind of general question and Breanna,
48:23 this one will go to you first.
48:25 Um,
48:26 in your work with governments,
48:28 how do you think.
48:30 The gender dimensions of forced displacement.
48:32 So the differences
48:34 that affect men and women in forced displacement,
48:37 uh,
48:37 are being recognized and addressed in policies and programs,
48:42 and I'm wondering if you have a good example to share with
48:45 us and one that could have done a little bit better,
48:47 taking into account the gender dimensions of forced displacement.
48:50 So over to you.
48:53 Yeah,
48:53 thanks so much,
48:54 Diana.
48:54 Thanks so much for the opportunity to participate in
48:57 this discussion today and also to see the consolidated
49:00 um findings from all of the work that,
49:03 that you and the team have been leading for years.
49:05 It's really,
49:05 really,
49:06 I think,
49:06 quite exciting for me.
49:08 Um,
49:08 I think in terms of
49:11 policy dialogue and programming with government,
49:14 I think
49:15 over the last few years,
49:16 I do think there has been a growing recognition.
49:20 Uh,
49:20 generally,
49:21 that displaced women and girls confront distinct vulnerabilities,
49:24 that these vulnerabilities require tailored and multi-sectoral approaches,
49:29 and,
49:29 and definitely in particular that displaced women and girls are exposed
49:33 to much higher risks of different forms of gender-based violence.
49:36 I think something that I really appreciated about the data
49:39 you shared is actually the emphasis on intimate partner violence because
49:44 Most often in the countries where I've worked
49:46 that have been affected by conflict or displacement,
49:48 the emphasis is on conflict-related sexual violence,
49:51 and we obviously know,
49:52 and then what's brought into high relief here is,
49:54 is the devastating impacts on other forms
49:56 of gender-based violence and particularly intimate partner violence.
50:00 So,
50:01 there is,
50:01 I would think,
50:02 I think there's growing recognition that these
50:04 are Challenges and we do actually have more
50:07 um investments
50:09 uh and increasing intentional focus on better integrating
50:12 gender considerations definitely in bank-supported operations and analytics,
50:17 which is,
50:18 you know,
50:19 developed in partnership with government.
50:21 I think one example that I think is actually recent and and quite interesting.
50:25 is in the Kenya Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project,
50:30 or the Kenya Doctordip we referred to in shorthand.
50:33 They recently conducted an evaluation of the livelihoods component of
50:37 the project at the midterm stage of the project,
50:41 and the,
50:41 the assessment was really meant to provide insights and recommendations on
50:45 how to strengthen the project's impact on women's economic empowerment outcomes
50:50 with the idea that the findings of the evaluation can
50:52 inform a Adjustments to the project's approach and implementation process
50:56 because it wasn't necessarily an explicit part of project design
51:00 several years ago.
51:01 Um,
51:01 it also helps to provide an important
51:04 lens through which how projects like Doctor Dip and other CDD programs in
51:09 conflict-affected environments with focus on
51:12 displaced populations,
51:14 um,
51:14 how those livelihood interventions can be used to strengthen,
51:18 uh,
51:18 enhance,
51:19 sorry,
51:19 enhance women's economic Empowerment outcomes,
51:21 how they can create generally an
51:22 enabling environment for women's economic empowerment.
51:25 The,
51:26 the,
51:26 the study is actually coming out
51:28 soon,
51:29 and I think that there are really strong indications that already the project
51:32 had positive impact on women's access to economic opportunities and livelihoods,
51:37 a positive impact on women's
51:39 household decision making,
51:41 um,
51:41 and then some other areas where there are gaps that
51:43 the project actually has an opportunity to respond to.
51:46 So I think that's one,
51:47 that's one.
51:47 One,
51:48 example of a good project,
51:50 I have to say I,
51:51 I,
51:51 I,
51:52 we're also seeing obviously,
51:53 and this is a lot of the work that I do,
51:55 much more investment,
51:57 um,
51:57 being directed towards,
51:58 um,
51:58 integrating components around GBV prevention
52:01 and response or stand-alone operations
52:03 on GBV prevention and response,
52:05 particularly in fragile and conflict-affected environments with high
52:08 rates of internal or,
52:10 or forced displacement.
52:12 I think some important examples are the health and gender support.
52:15 Project responding to the Rohingya crisis in Cox Bazaar.
52:18 I am leading a $70 million component
52:21 in a project in Ethiopia that is
52:24 uh focused on GBV prevention and response,
52:27 responding to the impacts of the conflict,
52:29 um,
52:30 in northern Ethiopia and extending from the conflict
52:33 between government and the Tigray Regional Administration.
52:36 Um,
52:37 so there is,
52:38 I think,
52:38 work done where I would say maybe not a great example.
52:41 Uh,
52:41 it's not so much as an Example,
52:42 but continuing challenges that we have and so even though we
52:45 have these really important examples in a growing evidence base of how
52:49 bank investments
52:51 can address
52:52 uh gender dimensions of forced displacement and the impacts of,
52:56 of the different drivers of forced displacement,
52:59 whether it's conflict or climate-related,
53:01 um,
53:02 I do think that there is still an incomplete understanding on how
53:06 important it is to address the gender dispensions of forced displacement.
53:10 Sorry,
53:11 how
53:11 important it is to address the gender dimensions
53:13 of forced displacement and how not doing so
53:16 can undermine
53:18 recovery,
53:18 resilience,
53:19 and then the broader development priorities in a given country.
53:22 Um,
53:22 and it's not just about giving intentional focus,
53:24 but also ensuring sufficient resources,
53:27 and that's something where we continue to have a bit of a challenge and discussion.
53:30 For the Ethiopia project I mentioned,
53:32 uh,
53:33 One of the main partners is obviously the Ministry of Finance,
53:36 and they wanted to slash the budget for the GBV component
53:39 because they didn't really understand why
53:41 we would prioritize investments on GBV programming
53:44 other
53:45 uh against other priorities that were perceived by the government.
53:49 So,
53:50 it's not a concrete example,
53:51 but it's,
53:51 it's an example of a challenge that we continue
53:53 to have as part of our dialogue with government
53:56 in this area.
53:57 So I'll stop there.
54:00 Fantastic,
54:00 Brianna.
54:01 Thank you so much.
54:01 We were all just nodding the whole time you were speaking,
54:04 so great.
54:05 Constance,
54:05 you work at UNHCR
54:07 so
54:08 you face this challenge every day to work on with
54:12 governments and partners to have them really take into account
54:16 the gender dimensions of force displacement.
54:18 Tell us a little bit about your experiences,
54:20 both
54:21 good and those that could be improved.
54:25 Thanks so much,
54:25 Diana,
54:26 for having me.
54:26 And I,
54:27 I think this is a,
54:27 it's a very special
54:29 space that you actually,
54:30 you know,
54:30 put together and I think it's a,
54:31 a wonderful group
54:33 and a very unique group composition,
54:35 and I,
54:35 I was think,
54:35 I think I was the one nodding the most when I was speaking.
54:39 Um,
54:39 so I'm trying not to repeat.
54:41 Um,
54:42 I'm not,
54:42 I'm not sure if I'm as optimistic in terms of progress,
54:45 to be very honest.
54:46 I do think we see
54:47 a wide variety of engagement when it comes to
54:50 governments.
54:51 Some are
54:53 You know,
54:53 very committed,
54:54 um,
54:55 but I think commitment overall is,
54:56 is really a challenge.
54:57 I also want to be very upfront,
54:59 um,
55:00 on that,
55:00 and I think
55:02 with forced displacement,
55:03 we also need to acknowledge that there are
55:05 pre-existing gender inequalities in the host community
55:09 and then refugees come.
55:11 With an experienced inequality in their country of origin.
55:14 It's something that is a dynamic that it's not so straightforward.
55:17 And on top of that,
55:19 we are dealing with intersectionalities.
55:21 So,
55:22 you know,
55:22 to develop programs that take all of that
55:24 into consideration really requires a holistic approach,
55:27 and that's not a given,
55:28 I would say.
55:30 Um,
55:31 I think also a little bit of what we hear is the
55:32 tendency that government's preferred angle is to address the gender dimensions of
55:38 forced displacement from a
55:40 self-reliance and economic empowerment angle.
55:43 Um,
55:44 and that makes a lot of sense because
55:45 it acknowledges the importance of rebuilding lives,
55:48 you know,
55:48 contributing to the host community,
55:50 to stability,
55:50 development,
55:51 and it also really does contribute to reducing
55:53 gender-based violence,
55:54 but there's more than that,
55:56 and that's a little bit where I want to take it.
55:58 Um,
55:58 we talked about legal frameworks at some point,
56:01 and there's actually been
56:03 Progress when we look at
56:04 removing
56:05 gender discrimination and nationality laws,
56:08 which is really
56:10 important because
56:11 it means women can confer
56:14 nationality to their children
56:16 on equal basis with men,
56:17 and that also means that we safeguard against,
56:19 um,
56:20 childhood
56:20 statelessness.
56:22 At the same time,
56:23 we did hear that forced displacement exacerbates GBV risks,
56:27 in particular for women and girls,
56:29 and
56:30 We did hear that inclusion in local and national service is really the way forward,
56:34 but
56:35 we have a long way to go.
56:37 If you look at the other picture of the legal
56:40 um framework situation,
56:41 we know that in 41% of the major refugee hosting countries
56:45 where UNHCR operates,
56:46 there is no legislation
56:48 on outlawing GBV.
56:50 And for example,
56:51 IP or domestic violence,
56:53 and even where we have laws,
56:55 it doesn't mean that the services are in place for survivors.
57:00 And the reason for that is,
57:01 and I think we may not somehow alluded to that is
57:03 gender and GP are not areas that are necessarily highly prioritized.
57:09 And
57:10 it has to come with resources,
57:11 but we often lack the resources.
57:14 Um,
57:14 so,
57:15 you know,
57:15 that's the reality we deal with,
57:16 and at the same time,
57:17 we also do not have the assessment tools to say,
57:19 listen,
57:20 if you
57:22 Include refugees into your response services if they exist.
57:26 This is how much it costs.
57:28 This is what you would save if you do it now and not wait for 10 or 20 years.
57:32 So we'll have a few things to catch up on.
57:34 But to come to your second question on a good example,
57:37 and I'm going to skip the negative example.
57:38 I'm sorry.
57:40 I actually would like to have Highlight,
57:42 um,
57:43 Chile in the Americas
57:45 as a champion leading
57:47 the thematic era on gender equality as part of the Quito Process,
57:51 and the Quito Process is very important for us because it brings together
57:55 certain governments in the Americas around the
57:58 um refugee and migrant crisis from Venezuela.
58:01 And these governments decided
58:03 to have a gender equality thematic area within that,
58:06 actually,
58:06 this year,
58:07 they decided to focus on protecting from gender-based violence,
58:10 and there was a meeting this year
58:11 with 30 ministries,
58:12 and actually,
58:13 you,
58:13 I think you know that,
58:14 um,
58:15 because
58:16 the World Bank was there,
58:17 and I,
58:17 I'll,
58:17 I'll come to that,
58:18 but what was
58:19 amazingly nice,
58:20 it's just not one government,
58:21 it's bringing a region together
58:23 to look at the risks that refugee women and migrant women face
58:27 in this context and also discuss how they can address it.
58:30 And the World Bank shared the,
58:32 you know,
58:32 the research
58:33 findings which was really important to inform the discussion.
58:37 Um,
58:37 we shared the UN UNHCR highest IGV assessment and the
58:41 countries shared their good examples from Brazil to Colombia,
58:44 Ecuador,
58:44 and the one I wanted to highlight is because it really,
58:47 I think,
58:48 sparked a lot of interest is,
58:50 you know,
58:50 the Brazilian government offers social assistance centers.
58:53 They provide multi,
58:54 uh,
58:54 sector response service to survivors,
58:57 and they do not discriminate by nationality or status.
59:00 Every woman or girl or survivor has access,
59:03 um,
59:03 to the services,
59:04 and that's what,
59:04 you know,
59:05 that's the future we,
59:06 we have in mind.
59:07 Um,
59:08 again,
59:08 I wanna comment actually the organization.
59:10 for bringing such a diverse group together,
59:12 I wanna emphasize that
59:14 our objectives are the same
59:16 and
59:17 our activities are complementary.
59:19 You know,
59:20 protection,
59:20 gender equality,
59:21 GBV,
59:21 they're all priorities independent if we're talking
59:24 about the humanitarian or the development agenda.
59:27 I think where there is scope for improvement
59:29 is to make this complementarity clear to.
59:32 refugee women and girls.
59:34 And someone mentioned it,
59:35 I think the Global Refugee Forum
59:37 and coming together under that framework is
59:39 a really important opportunity to demonstrate that.
59:41 And I wanna
59:42 close by encouraging you,
59:44 I think I shared in the materials a link
59:46 to a video between our,
59:48 the UNHCR's High Commissioner
59:50 and Anna Beer from the World Bank following their joint mission to Chad.
59:54 And there,
59:55 they outlined a model of collaboration and complementarity,
59:59 which for me is really
1:00:01 the blueprint for the future of our collaboration.
1:00:03 I really encourage you to watch that.
1:00:05 Thank you so much.
1:00:07 Thanks so much,
1:00:08 Constance.
1:00:08 I have that video on hand,
1:00:10 so I'm gonna drop it in the chat.
1:00:11 Thanks for sharing.
1:00:13 And I just wanna um pull out two things that you said that I think are super important.
1:00:17 Uh,
1:00:18 one,
1:00:19 not considering GBV and how that
1:00:21 might undermine activities around economic empowerment,
1:00:24 right?
1:00:24 So if we really think in simple terms,
1:00:27 someone that experiences intimate partner violence at home,
1:00:31 on the way to work,
1:00:33 sometimes at work,
1:00:34 and on the way back and then at home,
1:00:36 that person.
1:00:38 There's no way that they can be as productive after experiencing so much violence
1:00:43 at home,
1:00:43 at in,
1:00:44 in,
1:00:44 in different settings.
1:00:45 So we really have to address
1:00:47 GBV
1:00:48 to be
1:00:49 better able to achieve our development outcomes in several areas nutrition,
1:00:54 economic empowerment,
1:00:56 education,
1:00:56 uh,
1:00:57 stability all around.
1:00:58 So.
1:00:58 I think it's really interconnected with empowerment and gender equality.
1:01:02 So thanks for raising that.
1:01:03 And then the services,
1:01:05 having them in place doesn't mean that women will go to them
1:01:08 and also
1:01:09 they will need a little bit,
1:01:10 let's just be frank,
1:01:11 of adaptation
1:01:13 to address the different forms of violence and the different
1:01:16 situation that the women,
1:01:18 uh,
1:01:18 that.
1:01:18 are forcibly displaced are living in versus the host community.
1:01:22 So
1:01:22 we do think that's a sustainable model.
1:01:24 I do think I agree with you it's a long way away.
1:01:28 We have to take into account these issues around adaptation
1:01:31 and investment,
1:01:31 but I do think in the long run it is
1:01:34 the right,
1:01:34 um,
1:01:35 way forward.
1:01:36 So let me move now to Jocelyn.
1:01:38 Dawson,
1:01:39 director of Harvard Humanitarian Initiative
1:01:42 Program of gender.
1:01:44 And rights,
1:01:45 you must get all the governments coming to you for advice
1:01:48 on how to
1:01:49 implement
1:01:50 these research findings into their programs.
1:01:53 So share with us some of your experience
1:01:56 either with partners or with governments on how you've
1:01:58 helped um some organizations
1:02:01 integrate
1:02:02 the gender dimensions of forced displacement.
1:02:05 Well,
1:02:05 Diana,
1:02:05 I just want to say it's such a pleasure to be here with
1:02:07 this incredible group and hearing the kind of thinking that's coming out of
1:02:11 these results is really exciting.
1:02:13 So,
1:02:14 you know,
1:02:15 obviously,
1:02:15 I think the results of this project have shown that as a global community,
1:02:19 we are still grappling with how to fully recognize
1:02:22 and fully address the gender dimensions of forced displacement.
1:02:25 And we've certainly learned from this project that
1:02:27 there are many facets of this issue that
1:02:30 Merit deeper consideration and probably future work,
1:02:33 but there's a lot that we do know.
1:02:35 So,
1:02:36 as we've learned from our work in Mali,
1:02:38 Liberia,
1:02:38 DRC,
1:02:39 Sudan,
1:02:40 South Sudan,
1:02:40 Colombia,
1:02:41 and beyond,
1:02:43 we have learned that
1:02:44 both forced displacement.
1:02:46 As well as just living in a conflict-affected location,
1:02:50 independently and significantly heighten the risk of
1:02:53 multiple forms of violence for women.
1:02:55 That includes rape,
1:02:56 that includes intimate partner violence,
1:02:58 that includes
1:02:59 other forms of domestic violence.
1:03:01 And so,
1:03:01 one way that I use as almost a shorthand to remind myself that this occurs because,
1:03:06 you know,
1:03:07 the research results can be very um
1:03:10 You know,
1:03:11 complicated and you,
1:03:12 you can sometimes get lost trying to remember certain statistics.
1:03:15 What I tell myself is that
1:03:17 violence moves from the public sphere to the private sphere
1:03:21 during
1:03:22 and after conflict,
1:03:24 where it can remain at high levels
1:03:25 for years.
1:03:27 However,
1:03:28 as we know,
1:03:29 within
1:03:30 Um,
1:03:31 homes and kind of when women experience intimate partner violence,
1:03:35 these forms of abuse are often deeply hidden,
1:03:39 taboo to talk about,
1:03:40 hard to discover.
1:03:42 We know the statistics on underreporting.
1:03:45 And so it's important to keep in mind that,
1:03:47 you know,
1:03:47 we don't always need to,
1:03:49 um,
1:03:50 it's very helpful to do research on these issues,
1:03:52 but we don't always need to know the exact,
1:03:53 exact number.
1:03:54 We can just go ahead and
1:03:56 Acknowledge that multiple forms of gender-based violence are occurring in
1:04:00 contexts of displacement and conflict.
1:04:03 So,
1:04:04 while we can know that women experience some of
1:04:06 the most severe and long-term impacts of conflict,
1:04:08 we can also acknowledge that they are largely excluded from
1:04:13 peace processes,
1:04:14 post-conflict programming,
1:04:15 creation of long-term services,
1:04:17 and opportunities to get funding from the humanitarian system.
1:04:21 I'm gonna remind us all of a stat that I think we know and have taken to heart,
1:04:25 but in 2016,
1:04:26 2017,
1:04:27 and 2018,
1:04:28 funding for gender-based violence accounted for only
1:04:32 0.12% of humanitarian funding,
1:04:36 and a lot of people are like,
1:04:37 0,
1:04:37 12% of humanitarian funding.
1:04:39 No,
1:04:40 0.12% of humanitarian funding.
1:04:44 Um,
1:04:45 and so,
1:04:45 given that women do experience some of the
1:04:47 most brutal and long-lasting impacts of conflict,
1:04:49 they should,
1:04:49 you know,
1:04:50 obviously be empowered as vital actors and leaders
1:04:53 in all of these conflict and post-conflict policies and programmings.
1:04:57 And I do think that there is a
1:04:59 More positive example that comes from Colombia.
1:05:02 And we talked about this a little bit in our paper,
1:05:04 but this was a country where women were
1:05:07 empowered to,
1:05:09 you know,
1:05:09 um,
1:05:10 contribute to the broader peace agenda.
1:05:12 They engaged in successful negotiation of local cease.
1:05:15 Fires,
1:05:16 supported increased accountability
1:05:18 and public support for the peace deal.
1:05:21 Um,
1:05:21 we can also acknowledge that Colombia,
1:05:23 you know,
1:05:23 isn't a perfect,
1:05:24 perfect example because we still see extremely high levels of impunity,
1:05:27 lack of follow-up for,
1:05:29 um,
1:05:29 survivors and victims of violence,
1:05:31 etc.
1:05:32 Um.
1:05:33 And another example that really comes to mind for me,
1:05:36 as we are just tragically seeing play out in real time in the news at this moment
1:05:42 is in Ukraine,
1:05:43 right?
1:05:44 So,
1:05:45 this is something that the global community
1:05:47 has an opportunity to
1:05:49 take the lessons that we've learned
1:05:51 from the past and try to apply them now.
1:05:54 Having said that,
1:05:55 we know that um
1:05:57 The number of aid organizations working in Ukraine has
1:06:00 increased fivefold since the beginning of the invasion,
1:06:03 and more than 60% of these organizations are Ukrainian.
1:06:06 So,
1:06:07 that is,
1:06:07 I think.
1:06:09 Great news and um a successful story.
1:06:12 And then on the flip side,
1:06:13 you know,
1:06:13 to speak to your question,
1:06:15 Diane,
1:06:15 about positives and,
1:06:17 you know,
1:06:17 areas for improvement,
1:06:18 we also know that less than 1%
1:06:21 of the amount that has been tracked by the UN went to local
1:06:24 grassroots and women's actors.
1:06:26 And so,
1:06:27 I really feel that one of the ways forward with governments and local partners
1:06:31 is to
1:06:33 Track,
1:06:34 earmark,
1:06:35 create systems where we are sure that we are providing funding
1:06:40 to um
1:06:41 people who are the experts
1:06:43 in their own context,
1:06:45 which is,
1:06:45 of course,
1:06:45 you know,
1:06:46 women's organizations,
1:06:46 grassroots organizations,
1:06:48 etc.
1:06:48 And so really deepening
1:06:50 and strengthening the partnerships between the most
1:06:53 local actors and multilateral government institutions,
1:06:57 I think,
1:06:57 would be a positive way forward.
1:07:00 Thank you so much,
1:07:01 Justin.
1:07:01 It's great to see Latin America so well represented
1:07:05 in the discussion.
1:07:06 Um,
1:07:07 hopefully we can continue the progress forward.
1:07:11 So,
1:07:11 OK,
1:07:11 so we've all three of us,
1:07:13 or all three of you and myself have
1:07:15 talked about the importance of addressing gender-based violence,
1:07:18 but it's also quite.
1:07:19 Um,
1:07:19 challenging for governments to know how to do this well.
1:07:23 So I wanted to
1:07:24 ask
1:07:25 you all,
1:07:26 and now I'm gonna start with you,
1:07:28 Jocelyn,
1:07:29 what are the factors of success that you see in GBV programming
1:07:33 in forced to space communities and,
1:07:36 and potentially in host communities that could
1:07:38 apply to forced to space communities,
1:07:40 and what is the best bet for us to measure our success
1:07:44 in implementation of those GBV interventions?
1:07:48 Um,
1:07:49 thank you so much,
1:07:50 Diana,
1:07:50 and apologies,
1:07:51 everyone gets to listen to me just continue to
1:07:54 roll along
1:07:55 in my ideas,
1:07:56 but,
1:07:56 um,
1:07:57 you know,
1:07:57 I think
1:07:58 I,
1:07:59 having done
1:08:01 A lot of work across different contexts and doing
1:08:03 kind of systematic reviews of what have we learned from
1:08:07 work in humanitarian contexts.
1:08:09 I do think there are some
1:08:10 key
1:08:11 good practices and lessons learned that we can continue to revisit.
1:08:15 So,
1:08:15 we know that long-term programming is critical to
1:08:19 build the kind of deep infrastructure of supporting
1:08:23 women,
1:08:23 combating gender-based violence,
1:08:25 and addressing social norms in the long term,
1:08:27 you know,
1:08:28 that's like
1:08:29 the um
1:08:31 And the connective tissue of allowing societies to
1:08:34 recover from conflict and to empower women.
1:08:36 Um,
1:08:37 case management is a big part of long-term programming,
1:08:39 and it's really important for supporting women to
1:08:42 access
1:08:43 multiple forms of services,
1:08:44 which we know are so critical.
1:08:46 Um,
1:08:46 on that point,
1:08:47 building that out,
1:08:48 having
1:08:49 a holistic approach
1:08:51 to addressing,
1:08:52 um,
1:08:52 gender-based violence is so critical.
1:08:54 We've talked about
1:08:55 psychosocial services,
1:08:56 medical,
1:08:57 legal,
1:08:57 and economic empowerment.
1:08:59 When all of those are combined together in some way,
1:09:01 I think they are all mutually reinforcing and create kind of a virtuous cycle.
1:09:06 Um,
1:09:07 as we all know,
1:09:08 you know,
1:09:08 programming should be women-led
1:09:10 and um deeply embedded in communities.
1:09:13 So,
1:09:13 it's really critical to have programming that is,
1:09:16 um,
1:09:17 appropriate to its context.
1:09:18 I know both you and Constance
1:09:20 spoke really eloquently about that
1:09:23 just now.
1:09:24 Um,
1:09:24 I think one of the messages that came out from the previous comments was also around
1:09:28 adaptive programming.
1:09:30 So having the ability to try things.
1:09:33 Acknowledge if and when they're not working,
1:09:35 and then,
1:09:36 um,
1:09:36 adapt in partnership with local communities
1:09:39 to pivot,
1:09:40 you know,
1:09:40 every context is extraordinarily different.
1:09:43 And so,
1:09:43 while we know that there's a few
1:09:45 positive takeaways that tend to work across contexts,
1:09:48 the,
1:09:49 um,
1:09:50 there's a lot,
1:09:50 also a lot of room for adaptation,
1:09:52 etc.
1:09:53 Um.
1:09:55 And,
1:09:56 you know,
1:09:56 really briefly,
1:09:57 Diana,
1:09:57 just on the point about
1:09:59 measuring what success looks like,
1:10:01 I will say that
1:10:02 um two thoughts.
1:10:03 One is that
1:10:04 that can and should be defined by local communities,
1:10:07 and that is,
1:10:08 you know,
1:10:08 exciting to acknowledge that that might change from place to place,
1:10:11 and that will be defined by people,
1:10:13 the partners with whom we're working.
1:10:15 And I also want to note that there is a place for something we call proxy indicators,
1:10:19 so we don't have to ask over and over.
1:10:21 Over and over again,
1:10:22 these women to
1:10:23 tell us about these challenging and horrific experiences that they
1:10:26 have encountered,
1:10:28 but rather,
1:10:28 we can understand
1:10:30 um other ways of acknowledging community health,
1:10:33 community resilience and violence reduction.
1:10:35 For instance,
1:10:35 asking people
1:10:36 how safe they or their neighbor might feel walking to a certain service,
1:10:40 etc.
1:10:41 So,
1:10:41 you know,
1:10:41 thinking a little bit more um
1:10:44 Creatively around how we gather data.
1:10:46 Yeah,
1:10:47 and we were really innovative in that sense during COVID to
1:10:50 try to get those data so we can learn from there.
1:10:53 Miranna,
1:10:54 same question to you,
1:10:55 in your programming experience,
1:10:57 what are the key elements of GBV interventions that
1:10:59 are successful and how did you measure them?
1:11:02 Yeah,
1:11:03 and I think I'm gonna start by picking up on my last point,
1:11:06 which I think one of the most critical factors if
1:11:08 I'm advocating with government is ensuring that there's money,
1:11:11 uh,
1:11:11 so ensuring that there are sufficient resources
1:11:14 to enable programming at scale to meet,
1:11:17 especially in the context of displacement,
1:11:18 both the immediate needs that may be part of an emergency context,
1:11:22 but then also to enable
1:11:24 more strate strategic and system
1:11:27 strengthening approaches.
1:11:28 Um,
1:11:29 I think GBV,
1:11:29 I mean,
1:11:30 everyone here knows that they require high intensity.
1:11:32 Treatment,
1:11:33 um,
1:11:33 and that can often be expensive,
1:11:35 particularly in FCB setting where there may be additional layers of
1:11:38 security costs and also engagement with different types of partners,
1:11:42 uh,
1:11:43 and so this requires often more resources than
1:11:46 governments and sometimes our own bank staff expect.
1:11:49 Um,
1:11:49 so this is something that has to be front and
1:11:51 center of a conversation in an area I think.
1:11:55 In particular,
1:11:55 of advocacy for technical specialists and TTLs within the bank with our
1:12:00 own country management so that they're
1:12:02 well positioned to advocate for sufficient resources
1:12:04 with government and like I said,
1:12:06 particularly with ministries of finance.
1:12:08 I think critically institutional
1:12:11 setup matters
1:12:12 and this is through the lens of a World
1:12:14 Bank staffer where our main client is government.
1:12:17 Um,
1:12:17 finding a strong implementation agency or counterpart is critically important
1:12:22 and
1:12:24 There are some communities of the different
1:12:26 communities of thought within the bank.
1:12:27 I,
1:12:27 I understand reasons why investments in
1:12:31 gender machineries,
1:12:32 ministries of gender is actually quite important because they
1:12:35 need to have investment to help build their capacity,
1:12:37 but they oftentimes
1:12:40 do not necessarily have that capacity in place at the time of project development,
1:12:44 and
1:12:45 they typically will often have a mandate to coordinate,
1:12:48 but not directly to implement
1:12:50 uh GBV policies.
1:12:51 So
1:12:52 there needs to be Some scope and exploration of
1:12:55 alternative institutional homes,
1:12:58 I think,
1:12:58 for multi-sectoral interventions.
1:13:00 Um,
1:13:00 this could involve looking at strong sector,
1:13:03 the strong sectoral ministries that may be involved in,
1:13:06 obviously,
1:13:06 we naturally look at health as an important entry point,
1:13:09 uh,
1:13:10 for services,
1:13:11 um,
1:13:11 but I think this is an important consideration and
1:13:13 something that also sometimes requires a degree of advocacy,
1:13:16 first internally with our own teams
1:13:18 and with country management
1:13:20 who may want to default to those gender machineries,
1:13:22 but And
1:13:23 also obviously with government as well.
1:13:25 Um,
1:13:26 I have to say in the Ethiopian context,
1:13:27 I've been incredibly,
1:13:28 uh,
1:13:29 lucky with the implementation team that we have
1:13:31 with the Ministry of Women and Social Affairs,
1:13:33 but in the DRC,
1:13:34 for example,
1:13:35 the GBV Prevention and Response Project operated
1:13:38 through
1:13:39 the Fran Social,
1:13:40 which was a peristatal entity established really as
1:13:43 an implementing entity under the office of the,
1:13:45 I think the president.
1:13:47 Um,
1:13:47 so these are some considerations that,
1:13:49 that need
1:13:50 to be part of discussions with government.
1:13:52 Um,
1:13:52 a really important one,
1:13:54 and I think it's something that's critical to
1:13:56 embed in discussion with government very early,
1:13:59 is the critical importance of establishing partnerships
1:14:03 with multiple stakeholders,
1:14:05 including particularly specialized agencies,
1:14:07 NGOs,
1:14:08 sometimes faith-based institutions,
1:14:10 definitely women's-based organizations,
1:14:13 community-based organizations.
1:14:14 This is really important to allow government
1:14:17 Institutions
1:14:18 that may not have capacity for specific facets of GBV prevention and response
1:14:23 to draw on existing expertise for specialized services,
1:14:27 particularly around mental health,
1:14:28 psychosocial support,
1:14:30 particularly around prevention programming,
1:14:33 um,
1:14:34 where I think that there's strong concerns
1:14:36 about government taking on implementation capacity of prevention programming,
1:14:41 rightly so,
1:14:42 um,
1:14:42 but it Also allows for in the context of
1:14:45 emergency settings or humanitarian settings where we may engage,
1:14:49 it allows for government and
1:14:51 programs to build on existing networks that may exist to scale up what's being done.
1:14:55 And this is what we're doing particularly in Ethiopia.
1:14:57 We're focusing on five regions affected by conflict,
1:15:00 but in Tigray in particular,
1:15:02 because the government,
1:15:03 was one of the parties
1:15:05 um to the conflict with the regional administration.
1:15:08 Of Tigray,
1:15:09 uh,
1:15:10 the project set up in,
1:15:11 uh,
1:15:12 third-party implementation through UNFPA.
1:15:15 Um,
1:15:16 they were able to leverage their existing
1:15:18 partnerships with international and national NGOs,
1:15:21 um,
1:15:21 to enable immediate scale-up and delivery of GBV response services,
1:15:25 and this is something that they're continuing to develop and adopt over
1:15:29 time even as there is a transition to
1:15:32 the regional administration integrate.
1:15:34 Um,
1:15:35 another reason.
1:15:37 I'll make one more point.
1:15:39 Sorry.
1:15:40 Another reason why this is important is because this also
1:15:42 helps to ensure devolution of services to community level.
1:15:46 I think the DRC project is a really interesting model because it looks at
1:15:51 delivering services through multiple entry points.
1:15:53 So that's through the provincial health
1:15:55 departments and then healthcare providers,
1:15:56 so looking at the institutional structures in the health setting,
1:15:59 but it's also through parallel implementation through centers of Excellence,
1:16:03 including Pansy and Hal,
1:16:05 and then there's a really strong focus of community-based
1:16:07 actors and through an umbrella NGO and community-based organizations.
1:16:12 The reason why this is important is because one of
1:16:14 the big findings from previous work is that the,
1:16:17 the concentration
1:16:19 of,
1:16:19 of access points for survivors is really through centers of excellence,
1:16:23 and there weren't sufficient
1:16:25 uh entry.
1:16:25 Points for service delivery at the community level.
1:16:28 And I think when we're looking at measures of success,
1:16:30 just
1:16:30 picking up on something that Jocelyn said,
1:16:33 for me,
1:16:33 through this project,
1:16:34 we had 80% of survivors seeking care
1:16:37 through the community-based entry points that
1:16:39 were established through the project.
1:16:41 And there was a difference between where people sought
1:16:44 care for the types of violations they experienced.
1:16:46 So people coming with intimate partner.
1:16:48 Partner violence,
1:16:49 physical violence,
1:16:50 they often went through those community-based structures.
1:16:53 Those in need of more specialized care,
1:16:55 particularly for clinical management of rape and more severe forms
1:16:58 of impacts of sexual violence,
1:17:00 they would often then go to the centers of excellence.
1:17:02 So it really created multiple tiers
1:17:04 of options for survivors at community level.
1:17:07 I'll stop.
1:17:08 Thank you so much for Anna and Constance.
1:17:09 Over to you for a final words.
1:17:13 Oh wow,
1:17:13 thank you.
1:17:14 I think um
1:17:16 just to summarize that a little bit,
1:17:17 I think,
1:17:18 you know,
1:17:18 what,
1:17:18 what we need,
1:17:18 we talked about commitment in order for this to be uh successful.
1:17:22 Also,
1:17:23 I think activities have to be well coordinated
1:17:25 and we have to look at the complementarity,
1:17:26 so we're not duplicating
1:17:28 in a really,
1:17:29 you know,
1:17:29 kind of resource constrained environments.
1:17:31 I think we talked about well-designed programs that are contextual,
1:17:34 local,
1:17:35 and
1:17:36 adequately resourced.
1:17:37 I don't wanna talk about well-resourced,
1:17:38 but at least,
1:17:39 you know,
1:17:39 have the resources.
1:17:41 Um,
1:17:41 that they need.
1:17:43 We also talked about that they need to be
1:17:44 adapted to the realities of refugees and IDPs,
1:17:47 right?
1:17:47 What we learn a lot from refugee women is it depends
1:17:51 where they are on their journey,
1:17:53 how much time they have.
1:17:54 If they move onward,
1:17:55 it really,
1:17:56 you know,
1:17:56 that kind of really influences,
1:17:58 um,
1:17:58 the success of the program,
1:17:59 how stable the context is,
1:18:01 etc.
1:18:02 Um,
1:18:02 I also want to re-emphasize
1:18:04 absolutely the engagement of local actors,
1:18:07 you know,
1:18:07 they're so key,
1:18:08 not just as entry points,
1:18:09 they're key in providing interventions
1:18:11 and they're actually the best placed,
1:18:13 um,
1:18:14 in many,
1:18:14 many cases to not just message,
1:18:16 but,
1:18:16 you know,
1:18:17 um,
1:18:18 Implement activities as well,
1:18:20 and this is the sustainability model
1:18:22 that we need and we have quite a few,
1:18:24 in particular,
1:18:25 prevention programs that are run
1:18:27 um through that model like SASA and EMAP,
1:18:29 um,
1:18:29 that are very,
1:18:30 very effective
1:18:31 in communities,
1:18:33 um.
1:18:34 I also wanted to go back to a point that Jenny made because you ask us,
1:18:37 I think,
1:18:38 how do we measure success as well,
1:18:39 and I think
1:18:41 You know,
1:18:41 all these factors influence reporting behavior and we talked about that.
1:18:44 And looking at police reports or any other incident measure
1:18:48 is just not a good way of measuring success,
1:18:50 and I just thought it would be important
1:18:52 to emphasize that again and something that
1:18:54 I think Joceline tried to uh mention is there is,
1:18:59 for a long time,
1:19:00 there was a promotion of like
1:19:02 Measuring success by looking at what we call cap
1:19:05 scales and methodology where you look at knowledge,
1:19:07 attitudes,
1:19:08 and behavior.
1:19:09 These are like
1:19:09 often standardized global measures,
1:19:12 and they may still be quite relevant for research,
1:19:14 but in our context,
1:19:16 it's often very difficult to actually
1:19:19 have,
1:19:20 you know,
1:19:21 the frameworks in terms of measurement and
1:19:23 resources to really implement that over time.
1:19:25 I think it's still interesting to look at that and localize that.
1:19:28 But the measures I would like to maybe
1:19:30 promote from our end is,
1:19:32 you know,
1:19:32 they're easy measures for client satisfaction.
1:19:34 It should be a standard
1:19:35 in every
1:19:36 intervention that is provided that you ask your clients
1:19:39 at the end if they're satisfied with the services,
1:19:42 combined with
1:19:43 a measurement if services are actually available in a given context.
1:19:47 And for For example,
1:19:47 we know that
1:19:48 in 70% of our contexts,
1:19:50 there are services available,
1:19:52 but if you look at the satisfaction with the services,
1:19:54 that's a very different story.
1:19:56 So we have to,
1:19:56 I think we have to look at the
1:19:58 combination.
1:19:59 And
1:19:59 lastly,
1:20:00 I now I forget to mention that,
1:20:02 particularly from a risk mitigation perspective,
1:20:04 which is the responsibility of everyone.
1:20:07 Um,
1:20:08 I think proxy indicators are a really good way
1:20:10 to look at that,
1:20:11 but there's not just,
1:20:12 um,
1:20:13 yeah,
1:20:13 I don't recall,
1:20:14 uh,
1:20:14 who mentioned that,
1:20:15 but,
1:20:16 for example,
1:20:16 if you look at access to clean energy,
1:20:19 we know
1:20:20 if women and girls don't have access to clean energy,
1:20:23 their risks of people are much higher because they wander out.
1:20:26 To meet their basic needs and,
1:20:29 and I believe there was uh,
1:20:30 uh,
1:20:30 someone mentioned Kenya before and
1:20:33 particularly in Kenya,
1:20:33 we have such a small proportion,
1:20:35 I think 21% of the refugees that have access to clean energy
1:20:39 and we know
1:20:40 at the same time that means quite a high risk.
1:20:42 So these are also measures that give us a lot of information.
1:20:45 You know,
1:20:46 in terms of safe programming.
1:20:48 Thank you so much.
1:20:49 Thank you so much.
1:20:50 I've done a
1:20:51 horrible job at moderating,
1:20:52 but,
1:20:53 uh,
1:20:53 it was such a rich discussion that I wanna thank you all so much.
1:20:57 I
1:20:58 was so happy to hear your thoughts on this.
1:21:01 Uh,
1:21:01 Constance,
1:21:02 really just wanna pick.
1:21:02 Up on quality and availability of services as our measures of success,
1:21:07 um,
1:21:07 and also the use of those proxy indicators,
1:21:11 um,
1:21:11 Paola,
1:21:12 uh,
1:21:12 over
1:21:13 to you thank you so much for
1:21:16 Verenna Constance,
1:21:17 and Justin being here with us today.
1:21:18 It was fantastic.
1:21:22 Thank you.
1:21:23 Thank you,
1:21:23 Diana.
1:21:24 Uh,
1:21:24 that takes us to the end of the session.
1:21:26 I want to thank,
1:21:27 uh,
1:21:27 everyone,
1:21:27 the presenters,
1:21:28 uh,
1:21:29 the panelists,
1:21:30 as well as the people that helped organize.
1:21:32 We have a few,
1:21:33 um,
1:21:35 Links that we'll be posting in the chat.
1:21:37 One is to a questionnaire,
1:21:38 um,
1:21:39 um,
1:21:39 a post,
1:21:40 post,
1:21:40 uh,
1:21:41 post-learning session questionnaire.
1:21:43 I hope,
1:21:43 uh,
1:21:43 that's a fun exercise for you to take.
1:21:45 It's uh 10 questions.
1:21:46 Um,
1:21:47 And uh my colleague will be pasting that link in the chat momentarily.
1:21:52 We also have a feedback form that we kindly ask you to fill in,
1:21:55 and
1:21:56 that will help us improve in future events,
1:21:58 so your feedback is very important.
1:21:59 We hope you can do that as well.
1:22:02 And finally,
1:22:02 we'll paste uh a link to where you can find
1:22:05 all the resources behind today's session on our website.
1:22:09 Um,
1:22:10 and,
1:22:10 uh,
1:22:11 uh,
1:22:12 we hope to see you next week,
1:22:13 uh,
1:22:13 at the same time on Wednesday,
1:22:15 and we'll have a session focusing on
1:22:17 impact evaluation in force displacement context.
1:22:20 And,
1:22:21 again,
1:22:21 on our website,
1:22:22 you can find,
1:22:23 uh,
1:22:23 the registration form,
1:22:24 uh,
1:22:24 and we hope many of you can attend.
1:22:26 Again,
1:22:27 thanks to everyone,
1:22:27 panelists,
1:22:28 speakers,
1:22:29 people who helped organize and participants.
1:22:31 Um,
1:22:32 we hope you enjoyed the session and we
1:22:35 hope to see you,
1:22:35 um,
1:22:36 in the future modules.
1:22:38 Thank you and bye.
- add-style
- lp-body-content
The second module of the Learning from the Evidence on Forced Displacement training program focuses on the gender dimensions of forced displacement. This training highlights key findings of the World Bank’s Gender Dimensions of Forced Displacement (GDFD) research program and outlines how forced displacement affects the poverty risks and livelihoods of women and men differently, with a focus on the increased risks of intimate partner violence.
Speakers:
Dr Jeni Klugman - Senior Fellow, Brookings Institution
Jocelyn Kelly - Director of the Gender, Rights and Resilience (GR2) program at Harvard Humanitarian Initiative
Diana Jimenez Arango - Global Lead on Gender-based Violence, World Bank
Constanze Quosh - Senior Protection Officer, UNHCR
Verena Phipps - Social Development Specialist, World Bank
Last Updated: Feb 09, 2024