Innovation Policy in the Post-COVID World Webinar Series

The International Energy Agency (IEA) considers energy efficiency to be the ‘first fuel’ as it is ‘still the cleanest and cheapest way to meet our energy needs’. Innovation in better and more energy efficient green technology has paved the way for driving down energy costs as well as the reliance on energy itself. More efficient energy systems and processes for energy and carbon intensive industries have emerged but yet to be widely deployed, especially in emerging economies. Digital solutions for monitoring and reducing consumption have enabled users to monitor consumption and reduce consumption. However, the adoption of such technologies has not necessarily followed swiftly despite government initiatives and incentives. Why? What’s the inducement effects of energy pricing on adoption of greener and more efficient technologies in the industrial sector?  

In Korea, a major energy consumer, the high reliance on imported fuel has been the motivation for Korea’s longstanding policies on improving energy efficiency and minimize energy consumption. While the contribution of the manufacturing sector toward GDP was maintained at about 25%, its proportion of CO2 emissions was smaller and has decreased over time. Korea’s manufacturing sector exhibited some of the highest carbon intensity levels in the world in 2005, it has sharply reduced carbon intensity from 0.311 to 0.192. Korea’s most recent Green New Deal includes initiatives on smart green industrial complexes – how effective are these comprehensive strategies and what role do they play in signaling to the market?

The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the vulnerability of the global economy to external shocks and renewed interest in the green agenda to mitigate and adapt the private sector to climate shocks. The objective of this webinar is to better understand the dynamics of energy efficiency technology adoption in the industrial sector and the effectiveness of the policy instruments and strategies in achieve it. The discussion will address questions such as: what does “greening” the industrial sector means in practice and how to achieve it? What has been the evidence on the efficacy of policies targeting adoption of EE solutions? Would a horizontal or a more sector-specific approach targeting more polluting sectors lead to greater emission reduction? What policy experiences are most relevant and replicable in emerging country context?

The pandemic has been a significant shock to the world economy, and this has manifested in the reconfiguration of the global supply chains. Other factors are also contributing to the changing landscape of GVCs, such as digitalization and Industry 4.0, the US-China trade dispute, and the rise in labor costs in China. The trend has implications on the geography of production, especially in emerging economies. Could developing countries stand to benefit from this rearrangement? How could innovation policies leverage windows of opportunity to attract (or attract back) much-needed GVCs investments while building local production capabilities, and higher quality jobs?

Link to recording: Innovation Policy In The Post-COVID World Webinar Series: Nearshoring And Reshoring Of GVCs - Implications For Innovation Policies

Related Readings

• At Your Service?: The Promise of Services-Led Development
• Trouble in the Making? The Future of Manufacturing-Led Development
• Changing GVC in Post-Pandemic Asia: Korea, China and Southeast Asia
• WDR 2020: Trading for Development in the Age of Global Value Chains

Presenter resources

• Near-Shoring and Reshoring: Implications for Innovation Policy in the Post-COVID World (Presentation)
• Changing GVCs in Asia with Nearshoring and Reshoring: Implications for Innovation policy (Presentation)

Manufacturing is witnessing a significant transformation as leading firms increasingly leverage smart and ubiquitous technologies to boost their efficiency, productivity, and accuracy. One of the primary drivers of digitalization is the enhanced capacity of manufacturers to adjust quickly to changing market conditions and increasing customization. Confronted with the disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the pace of digitalization has accelerated even further, although at a very uneven pace as there is increasing divergence between leading firms and the rest. 

This webinar discusses the challenges of digitalization in manufacturing, with a special focus on the types of policies that developed economies are using to promote digitalization in manufacturing and the policy implications for catching up economies. What does ‘smart manufacturing' entail and what complementarities are required for a dynamic industrial ecosystem? What are the fundamental competencies required and what are the most effective policy interventions to help industries develop them? Can firms and industries that are still at Industry 1.0 and 2.0 leapfrog to 4.0? What experiences and evidence from industrialized economies could inform policymakers in catching up with economies?

Link to recording: Innovation Policy In The Post-Covid World Webinar Series: Manufacturing In A Digitally Accelerated World - Innovation Policy Implications For Catching Up Economies

Related Readings

• Advanced Manufacturing: The New American Innovation Policies
• How Smart Is a ‘Smart Factory’?: Drivers and Effects of Factory Smartization
• Organizing for Digitalization at the Firm Level
• Trouble in the Making? : The Future of Manufacturing-Led Development

Presenter resources

• Lessons from the USA’s Experience with its Advanced Manufacturing Institutes (Presentation)
• How Do Factories Get Smarter? Implication for Innovation Policy (Presentation)

Entrepreneurial activity is an important pillar of economic growth, driving job and value creation and stimulating innovation. Entrepreneurs, investors, and governments have reacted to the pandemic differently and with varying degrees of effectiveness - few markets and sectors flourished while others suffered tremendously. This webinar discusses the challenges of designing and implementing entrepreneurship policy post-pandemic. Some of the questions to be addressed:

• Have there been structural changes in the entrepreneurial landscape due to the pandemic?
• What are the observations from developed and emerging economies?
• What is the [changing] role of public policy in supporting entrepreneurial ecosystem development?
• What has been the experience in supporting and scaling up entrepreneurship in emerging market entrepreneurship ecosystems, South Korea and globally?

Presenters share views and observations about key policy issues and responses from different markets in an attempt to draw lessons for emerging economies.

Link to recording: Innovation Policy In The Post-COVID World Webinar Series: Entrepreneurship Policy Post COVID

Related reading

• High-Growth Firms: Facts, Fiction, and Policy Options for Emerging Economies
• Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Research Report Series
• When does entrepreneurship failure help the next tech-based startup?
• Dealing with failure: Serial entrepreneurs and the costs of changing industries between ventures
• Firm performance and state innovation funding: Evidence from China’s Innofund program
• How is COVID Changing the Geography of Entrepreneurship? Evidence from the Startup Cartography Project

Presenter resources

• Changes of Entrepreneurship Ecosystem After COVID-19 and Policy Implications (Presentation)

The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered a renewed interest in domestically sensitive sectors and the need to access and produce specific products and technologies. While this is not something new, geopolitical uncertainty, global trade tensions, digitally-driven technology changes, signs of reshoring and reconfiguration of GVCs, and more importantly, the uncertainty caused by this and potential future pandemics, have added pressure on governments to revise policies to support and create domestic technology and production capabilities. This drive has translated into the proliferation of government instruments, such as procurement programs for innovation or standards-setting, that aim at achieving the so-called “technology sovereignty”.

These instruments and approaches are not, however, risk-free. Can these instruments result in distortions that undermine competition and trade? More importantly, can they act against the open nature of innovation and science, which requires intra and cross-border cooperation between different actors to succeed? What are the implications in terms of designing mission-oriented innovation policy?

The objective of this webinar is to shed light on the concept of “Technology Sovereignty” and different country experiences and approaches; and on the implementation mechanisms of one key policy instrument for increasing this “technology sovereignty”: public procurement.

Link to recording : Innovation Policy In The Post-COVID World Webinar Series: Building Domestic Technological And Production Capabilities - Protectionism, Technology Sovereignty Or Both?

Related readings

• Technology Sovereignty from Demand to Concept
• Revitalizing the Concept of Public Procurement for Innovation (PPI) from a Systemic Perspective: Objectives, Policy Types, and Impact Mechanisms
• Economy-wide Impact Assessment of Public Procurement for Innovation: A Computable General Equilibrium Approach
• A Practitioner’s Guide to Innovation Policy: Instruments to Build Firm Capabilities and Accelerate Technological Catch-Up in Developing Countries

Presenters resources

• Building Domestic Technological and Production Capabilities: Protectionism, Technology Sovereignty or Both? (Presentation)
• Demand-side Innovation Policy for Technology Development : The Case of Korea (Presentation)

The proliferation of digital and data intensive sectors presents growth opportunities in emerging economies. Better use of data permits firms to improve productivity and the quality of their products, increase efficiency, lower prices, and develop new innovative products and services that can bring significant benefits to consumers. But these opportunities also entail potential risks: How to ensure a level playing field in digital markets where a small number of firms wield strong market power? What is the value of developing local platforms versus leveraging the services of global ones? More importantly, how can platforms be leveraged to spur local digital ecosystems and innovation in emerging economies?  These questions have become even more prevalent in the post-pandemic world where digital platform firms have gained even more considerable market power and amassed large sums of data. 

The European Commission had tabled no less than three new acts with the goal of regulating its digital markets. The U.S. has proposed legislation, both in the House of Representatives and Senate. In Korea, one of the main online platforms have become the mainstream of the consumer market and the topic of new legislations. All efforts want to curb the power of a small number of companies, mainly US firms, as they are the global market dominants. These legislative efforts come at a time when there is already a live debate within many emerging economies, amplified by the ongoing COVID crisis, about the role of digital platforms in the economy and society, its impact on competitiveness, inclusion and trade.  

The objective of this webinar is to discuss the scaling of digital platforms and big data firms, global trends in platform dominance, and implications for emerging economies and countries with platform gaps. The discussion will draw on global experiences and highlight Korea’s experience as a case of platform battlefield between incumbent platforms and global ones.

Related Links:

• International Energy Agency’s Energy Efficiency 2021 Report 
• Transforming Industry: Paths to Industrial Decarbonization in the United States 
• Explaining the contract terms of energy performance contracting in China: The importance of effective financing 
• Implied discount rate and payback threshold of energy efficiency investment in the industrial sector
• Energy Prices and the Adoption of Energy-Saving Technology
• Climate Competitive Industries: A Practitioner’s Handbook