Indonesia

The book discusses basic concepts on key topics to managing a small piped water system ideally for up to 1,000 households. It presents tools that can be adapted by Community-Based... Show More + Water Organizations (CBOs) for use in their operations, such as forms, checklists and procedural guidelines. Illustrative examples have also been compiled from the experiences of the district local governments, support organizations and CBOs operating in East and West Java, who participated in the Multi-Village Pooling (MVP) Project. This toolkit seeks to compile a set of ready resources for organizations supporting Indonesian CBOs and CBOs themselves, which was not previously available despite many years of rural water investment projects. The book introduces fundamental concepts in an easy to-understand way, so that a number of discussions have been simplified. This will give users a basic understanding enough to seek further resources or references or advice from experts, which is encouraged. Show Less -

At national level, program efforts focused on advocacy for, and support to, sanitation policy and strategy development, improved sector coordination and the establishment... Show More + of an investment framework. At city level, the program provided capacity building support to municipalities with a strong emphasis on the strategic planning of sanitation improvements. Indonesia Sanitation Sector Development Program (ISSDP) was an unusual initiative in that, while it was concerned with urban sanitation improvements, it did not make investments directly, focusing instead on advocacy and technical assistance. The program was designed to suit the Indonesian context: while the government wanted to make progress in sanitation, an earlier debt crisis had made it reluctant to take on infrastructure loans from multilateral agencies, apart from which the introduction of decentralization and regional autonomy in 2001 meant that primary responsibility for sanitation was shifting from the center to local level. Furthermore, unofficial policy was to treat sanitation as essentially a private matter, with households responsible for capital investment and operations. It is important to note that most Indonesian cities do not have distinct slum areas; higher- and lower-income households are interspersed within the same neighborhoods and poor sanitation is therefore a problem for everyone, highlighting the need to address it as a city-wide issue, not on a neighborhood or piecemeal basis. Show Less -

Global scaling up rural sanitation is a Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) project currently being implemented in India, Indonesia, and Tanzania. Working with local... Show More + governments and the private sector in 29 districts of East Java province in Indonesia, WSP's approach combines generating demand from local governments prior to initiating project interventions and demand from consumers for improved sanitation facilities and behaviors prior to making a greater range of sanitation products and services available through local markets. This demand responsive approach combines Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), behavior change communication, and sanitation marketing approaches to help villages become open defecation free (ODF). At the end of the third year of project implementation, household access to sanitation is growing at rates hitherto never seen in rural sanitation projects in Indonesia. On average, one-third of all triggered communities have become ODF within a year. However, across districts, varying levels of progress have been achieved depending on the extent of political support garnered, implementation capacity developed, and the cost-effectiveness of interventions undertaken. However, during 2009 the project team observed that while monitoring data was being generated regularly in the communities, much of this data was not reaching sub-district, district, or higher levels for regular consolidation. With the number of triggered communities running into the thousands in East Java, it had become too labor and time intensive for government outreach staff to collect data manually from each triggered community on a monthly basis. In response to this challenge, a community-based participatory outcome monitoring system was developed. Show Less -

Access to improved sanitation remains a huge challenge in Indonesia. Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) 2010 data indicate that around 38 percent of the rural population... Show More + has access to improved sanitation services and that open defecation remains a widespread practice for over 60 million Indonesians. The persistence of old habits and a lack of awareness form the basis of many challenges in the Indonesian sanitation sector. To change this situation there is a need to focus on changing sanitation and hygiene behavior within communities, in addition to increasing investment in sanitation services. The majority of Indonesians are Muslims (88 percent), and Islamic teachings provide instruction and guidance on sanitation habits and behaviors. The teaching requires that running water, if available, should be used for anal cleansing and certain materials, including human excreta and urine, are regarded as najis (ritually unclean). Apart from the 'natural' feelings of disgust that most people express towards human excreta which result in anal cleansing, Islam requires ritual cleansing after being in contact with materials that are considered to be najis. However, the use of water for anal cleansing also appears to be a cultural habit as non-Muslim Indonesians also use water for anal cleansing, a fact confirmed by the study results. Show Less -

The Indonesia Sanitation Sector Development Program (ISSDP) is a partnership between the Government of Indonesia and the World Bank Water and Sanitation Program (WSP).... Show More + It is an innovative and ambitious response to the urban sanitation crisis. At the end of its first, two-year phase, government ownership of the program, both at central and local levels, is strong and a distinct shift is evident in the sector. The government has adopted national sanitation goals but without a strategy for meeting them in urban areas, and municipalities have had difficulty accessing funds should they decide to make improvements. The ISSDP is an innovative response to the growing sanitation crisis; instead of funding investments directly, it fosters an enabling environment for progress, with special attention to city-level planning, strengthening sector strategy and institutional arrangements, and advocacy and awareness-raising at all levels. This Field Note examines the city-level planning and capacity building process which is at the heart of ISSDP and is helping to signal the way forward for sector strategy. Central to the process are collaboration between the various government organizations involved in sanitation at municipal level, and the identification of prioritized, affordable actions that will enable the cities to move steadily towards effective services, city-wide. Show Less -

That's right! There really are 100 million potential customers waiting for readers. Data show that 45 percent of Indonesian people do not have access to sanitation services.... Show More + That's more than 100 million people. The government can't necessarily deal with this by it self. Like it or not, people are waiting for readers participation in providing sanitation services. If the author relies on the government to improve and develop sanitation facilities, it's going to be a long wait. Government efforts are limited by financial constraints. Existing facilities cannot be properly maintained. And some facilities in disrepair and abandoned because they are unusable. Now is the time for the private sector to get involved in sanitation. Perhaps the sanitation sector hasn't seemed to be a very attractive prospect. Low status, small profits. But on the contrary this business is actually just as good as any other business. This business is profitable, it benefits lots of ordinary people, and it helps create jobs. It should be noted that the idea that sanitation is only for the poor is incorrect. Reader customers will be from the middle to upper classes too. They need sanitation services as well. Like garbage transportation and emptying out septic tanks, for instance. This book looks at a wide variety of initiatives that could be managed by the private sector. Show Less -

Vietnam, like other countries of Asia, is on a development path that is lifting large numbers of people out of poverty and improving access to goods and services that... Show More + improve quality of life. Vietnam has done well so far in achieving significant development gains, especially in terms of poverty reduction. However, some aspects of development are being forgotten in the race to economic progress, affecting especially the vulnerable and low income groups. Sanitation is one such neglected aspect of development. In places where the public purse is severely limited and population needs seemingly boundless, sanitation is not deemed attractive or important enough to gain the attention of politicians or journalists. It is often seen as a private matter to be handled by the household or local community, and something that results from economic development rather than being seen as a precondition for economic development. Also, institutionally, sanitation is sidelined by lack of clear ministerial responsibilities. This study examines the major health, water, environmental, tourism, and other welfare impacts associated with poor sanitation. By examining the economic impacts of poor sanitation, and the potential gains from improved sanitation, this study provides important evidence to support further investments in sanitation. Show Less -

Vietnam, like other countries of Asia, is on a development path that is lifting large numbers of people out of poverty and improving access to goods and services that... Show More + improve quality of life. Vietnam has done well so far in achieving significant development gains, especially in terms of poverty reduction. However, some aspects of development are being forgotten in the race to economic progress, affecting especially the vulnerable and low income groups. Sanitation is one such neglected aspect of development. In places where the public purse is severely limited and population needs seemingly boundless, sanitation is not deemed attractive or important enough to gain the attention of politicians or journalists. It is often seen as a private matter to be handled by the household or local community, and something that results from economic development rather than being seen as a precondition for economic development. Also, institutionally, sanitation is sidelined by lack of clear ministerial responsibilities. This study examines the major health, water, environmental, tourism, and other welfare impacts associated with poor sanitation. By examining the economic impacts of poor sanitation, and the potential gains from improved sanitation, this study provides important evidence to support further investments in sanitation. Show Less -

Domestic wastewater management, including sewage treatment, requires support from government, the public and the private sector. Sewage treatment has been seen as an... Show More + internal household issue. If each house has a latrine, sewage treatment must be adequate. Yet data tell a disturbing story of large numbers of people suffering from diarrhea, and polluted groundwater. Research shows that the root cause of these problems is sewage. Despite several government initiatives, significant progress has yet to be made, especially as regards wastewater management by households. What is more, not enough attention is paid to wastewater management at the household level to relieve the problem of urban sanitation. How and where people dispose of their sewage is no longer a personal problem, but one that affects us all. It is time for municipal and district governments to take more of a role in dealing with this issue. This booklet provides an overview of the state of sanitation management in Indonesia's cities, the constraints faced, the damage caused by poor sanitation, and opportunities for improvement. Show Less -

The field note compares two approaches in the design of each evaluation methodology in providing sanitation, through the Wonosobo case study: the conventional survey... Show More + data collection, measures individual responses to questions on sanitation, and latrine uses, but provides limited discussion opportunities to clarify unsolved issues; in contrast, the participatory method emphasizes focus group discussions, to help empower participants in identifying, discussing, clarifying, and resolving problems within their own communities. Key findings suggest the two approaches produced both similar, and different assessment results. However, it became also clear that the use of different approaches can provide comparable results, if attention is given to their design, and implementation processes. The sampling process was a key attribute in the discrepancies of the assessment results: while the participatory method was sensitive to the representation of men-women, and rich-poor groups, the conventional survey results were sensitive to the total number of respondents in order to properly represent the village conditions. Thus, by excluding considerations of village-level variations during the design of the sampling process, assessments may result biased toward certain village groups. However, inadequate time was invested in undertaking the participatory method, resulting in a less accurate picture of village conditions. Show Less -