This paper provides tabular results for
Sumatera and Kalimantan, including both Kabupaten
(districts) and Kota (cities). Tables one to three compare
the poverty variables... Show More +
of interest, including the poverty
rate, Gini, quintiles of real per capita expenditure and
population percentage below multiples of the poverty line.
Tables four to fourteen gives specific poverty measure (e.g.
poverty rate or Gini) and make comparisons across different
sizes (total, small holders, large holders) and across
specifications. Tables fifteen and sixteen examine the
effect of combined land use and combined production (small
holder and large holder) on per capita expenditure by
quintiles and population percentage below multiples of the
poverty lines to isolate which ownership is driving the results. Show Less -
Type: Working Paper
Report#: 77668
Date: December 3, 2012
Results-Based Financing (RBF) is a
concept comprising a range of public policy instruments,
whereby incentives, rewards, or subsidies are linked to the
verified delivery... Show More +
of pre-defined results. RBF is often used
to enhance access to and delivery of basic infrastructure
and social services, such as water and sanitation, energy,
and health care. In most cases, the funding entity typically
a government, development agency, or other agent deals
directly with the service provider. Some of the better known
RBF approaches include output-based aid (OBA) (GPOBA 2011),
conditional cash transfers, carbon finance, and advance
market commitments (AMCs). Unlike traditional public
procurement, which uses public resources to purchase the
inputs and contract service providers to deliver them to
users, the RBF approach uses private-sector resources to
finance the inputs and service delivery and public resources
to reimburse the service provider upon delivery of the
pre-defined results. Show Less -
Type: Brief
Report#: 74156
Date: November 1, 2012
Author:
Zhang, Yabei ;
Knight, Oliver
Indonesia has shown an increasing
commitment to education over the last decade. Since 2001,
spending has doubled in real terms largely as a result of a
constitutional... Show More +
requirement obligating the government to
spend a fifth of its budget on education. A cornerstone of
this increased investment has been a school grants program
aimed at providing financial support to all public, private
and religious primary and junior secondary schools. The
School Operational Assistance program (BOS), initiated by
the Ministry of Education and Culture in 2005, and provides
basic education schools with block grants. The program
currently provides grants to 228,000 schools benefiting an
estimated 43 million students. In 2012, 8.1 percent or Rp
23.5 trillion of the total government education budgets was
spent on BOS. The aim of the school grants program,
allocated on a per-student basis, is three-fold: to improve
access to and raise the quality of basic education, to
reduce the financial burden for students and to support
school based management reforms. Grants have supported the
purchase of goods and services meant to enhance the quality
of education (e.g. texts and library books, teaching
learning materials, teacher professional development
activities, and remedial learning) and have reduced the need
for schools to seek funds from parents to cover these
expenditures. The BOS program provides schools with greater
autonomy and flexibility in managing their resources.
Schools in turn are expected to use these resources in a
transparent and accountable way. The program has
strengthened school planning and budgeting processes and has
begun to open these up to parental and community oversight.
Given the traditionally passive role which parents play in
school activities and management, compounded by a lack of
information about school affairs, this clearly represents a
fundamental reform of education in Indonesia. Show Less -
Type: Brief
Report#: 71425
Date: June 1, 2012
This brief includes the following
headings: focus on policy framework for early childhood
development; trends in early childhood development in
Indonesia; Early Childhood... Show More +
Education and Development
Project; comparing across Early Childhood Development (ECD)
systems : China and Australia; connecting with community
development programs; UNICEF: supporting pilot programs and
policies for ECD; East Java: The province plays a role in
improving ECD Services; commitment to ECD in Kabupaten
Gorontalo; coordination across sectors and across agencies
the hard part; and online supermarket for good practices in education. Show Less -
Type: Brief
Report#: 67434
Date: March 1, 2012
This paper examines whether the son
preference and fertility behavior of Muslim couples respond
to the risk of inheritance expropriation by their extended
family. According... Show More +
to traditional Islamic inheritance
principles, only the son of a deceased man can exclude his
male agnates from inheritance and preserve his estate within
the nuclear household. The paper exploits cross-sectional
and time variation in the application of the Islamic
inheritance exclusion rule in Indonesia: between Muslim and
non-Muslim populations affected by different legal systems,
across men with different sibling sex composition, and
before and after a change in Islamic law that allowed female
children to exclude male relatives. The analysis finds that
Muslim couples more affected by the exclusion rule exhibit
stronger son preference, practice sex-differential fertility
stopping, attain a higher proportion of sons, and have
larger families than non-Muslims or Muslims for whom the
exclusion rule is less binding. Show Less -
Type: Policy Research Working Paper
Report#: WPS5972
Date: February 1, 2012
Author:
Carranza, Eliana
The peace process has been highly
successful in Aceh so far. Five years after the signing of
the Helsinki peace deal, Aceh has been transformed. Security
has improved.... Show More +
This has contributed to growth and poverty
reduction in areas that were most affected during the
conflict. Consolidating Peaceful Development in Aceh (CPDA)
was designed in response to the acknowledgement by national
and local governments and donors of the need for a shift
from immediate post-conflict assistance to support for
longer-run conflict-sensitive development. The
program's strategic objective is to strengthen national
and local institutions to support the consolidation of peace
and development in Aceh. The project will also finance pilot
projects to develop scalable models for addressing the needs
of particularly vulnerable groups who were affected by the
conflict, who are lagging behind others and/or who present
(potential) security risks. The program provides ongoing
applied research and monitoring to help policy makers. Show Less -
Type: Working Paper
Report#: 68098
Date: January 1, 2012
The National Program for Community
Empowerment (PNPM) Mandiri program is the key component of
the Indonesian Government's cluster two poverty
alleviation program. The... Show More +
work of the PNPM Support Facility
(PSF) goes beyond coordination. The PSF provides technical
assistance in the continuous effort to build capacities of
communities, governments at the local, provincial and
national level, and civil society. It assists the
development of a very robust monitoring and evaluation
framework which supports continuous improvements to the
program. It makes sure that donor funds are used
appropriately. The PSF also facilitates the implementation
of analytical work that forms the foundation for the
planning, management, and improvement of government
poverty-reduction programs. A key element of the PSF
approach is innovation: it provides space for explorations
and experimentation. PSF's pilot initiatives are highly
innovative and carry the potential for high rewards. The PSF
has various comparative advantages. By tapping into the
World Bank's global knowledge base, it can facilitate
access to international best practices across a range of
development areas. The success of the PSF has not gone
unnoticed. In recent years, PNPM has served as a model for
the development of similar community-driven development
programs, such as in Afghanistan. The PSF plays a direct
role in this. Knowledge sharing continues to expand between
the PSF and parties interested in emulating the success of PNPM. Show Less -
Type: Working Paper
Report#: 69621
Date: January 1, 2012
Executive Directors approved the Fourth
National Program for Community Empowerment (PNPM) in rural
areas to the Republic of Indonesia in the amount of
US$531.19 million... Show More +
on the payment terms and conditions set
out in the President's memorandum. Directors expressed
support for the project and its objectives. They noted the
success of the PNPM Rural program in reducing poverty and
vulnerability, and providing social and economic
infrastructure in poor rural communities throughout
Indonesia. While Directors noted the increasing governance
risks of such a large scale project, they expressed
satisfaction with the mitigation measures put in place. They
urged continued attention to strengthening the
program's governance and management framework. In this
connection, Directors welcomed the effort to enhance
awareness and attention to transparency and information
dissemination through web-based communications and
monitoring tools. Directors also welcomed and encouraged the
continued collaboration among development partners, inter
alia through the PNPM support facility. Show Less -
Type: Summary of Discussion
Report#: 63325
Date: July 14, 2011
The Secretariat of INSW (Indonesia
National Single Window), located in the Coordinating
Ministry for Economic Affairs (CMEA), has launched a process
for Public-Private... Show More +
Consultations (INSW-PPC). The main
purpose of the PPC is to debottleneck the implementation and
utilization of the INSW. Its goal is to promote usage of the
INSW in a way that meets the needs of its stakeholders and
conforms to national and international standards. It aims to
provide a forum for foreign and domestic companies, and
participating government agencies, to identify, discuss and
agree upon solutions to issues regarding government
regulations and INSW implementation procedures. Although any
stakeholder may initiate a consultation, most are initiated
because of a complaint by the private sector, which is
usually represented by chambers of commerce or other
business councils. The INSW Secretariat then responds by
organizing consultations between the private sector and
concerned government agencies. Show Less -
Type: Brief
Report#: 59828
Date: January 1, 2011
This paper exploits heterogeneity in
program exposure to evaluate the effectiveness of a
supplementary feeding program implemented in the wake of the
1997-1998 economic... Show More +
crises in Indonesia. The explicit aim of
the program was to protect the nutritional status of infants
and young children from adverse effects of the crisis. The
use of heterogeneity in program exposure has several
advantages for identifying the impact of the program. First,
the analysis avoids the strong assumption that all targeted
children experienced homogenous exposure to the program, and
facilitates identification in a setting in which nearly all
communities experienced some exposure. Second, by exploiting
child age and program eligibility rules, the paper estimates
models with community fixed effects and thus avoid bias
introduced as a result of endogenous program placement. The
analysis finds that the program improved the nutritional
status of children 12 to 24 months of age at the time of the
survey in 2000, and helped to avoid problems of severe
malnutrition among young children. Show Less -
Type: Policy Research Working Paper
Report#: WPS5471
Date: November 1, 2010
Author:
Giles, John ;
Satriawan, Elan
Indonesia's democratic transition
was accompanied by a range of violent conflicts. Separatist
conflict in Aceh escalated and claimed thousands of lives
before a successful... Show More +
peace deal in 2005, and continues at a
low intensity in Papua. Thousands died in ethnic riots in
West and Central Kalimantan and Jakarta. Inter-religious and
inter-ethnic violence broke out in 1999 in Maluku and North
Maluku and in 1998 and 2000 in Central Sulawesi. Terrorist
acts have been infrequent but deadly. In addition, many
areas have been affected by smaller-scale
'routine' violent conflicts over resources,
politics, and identities. This brief provides early evidence
from a new database on Indonesian violent conflicts. The
Violent Conflict in Indonesia Study (ViCIS) records all
incidents of violent conflict and violent crime between 1998
and 2008 as reported in local newspapers. This brief focuses
on trends and patterns of violent conflict in four provinces
that were previously affected by escalated violence (Aceh,
Central Sulawesi, Maluku, and North Maluku) as well as Papua
and West Papua, the sites of an ongoing low-level separatist
movement. The note does not consider violent crime which
will be analyzed in a separate publication. Key questions
addressed are: how have violent conflict levels, forms and
impacts changed over time in provinces that previously
experienced high levels of violence? Which places are
currently most affected by violent conflict? And how much
variation is there between areas in recent patterns of
violent conflict? ViCIS aims to fill knowledge gaps on
violent conflict in Indonesia to enhance evidence-based
conflict management and prevention policy-making. Show Less -
Type: Brief
Report#: 59363
Date: November 1, 2010
This paper documents significant
differences in the impacts the war in Aceh had on
ex-combatants and civilians and how these differences shaped
the post-war decision-making... Show More +
processes of their households.
Because of the overwhelming percentage of the ex-combatant
population in rural areas (over 90 percent), particular
attention is paid to the agricultural sector. The second
section provides summary statistics of former
combatants' household and individual characteristics,
and economic conditions. In order to place the economic
conditions of former combatants in context, the section will
include a comparison of former combatants with civilians.
After the end of the war, ex-combatants were found to have
fewer assets, more injuries, and lower educational
attainment than civilians. After providing an overview of
the economic welfare of former combatants and civilians, an
analytical framework is developed in the third section that
will be used to understand the variation in economic
outcomes of former combatants. The framework will draw
connections between the varying degree to which war affects
individuals and communities to the post-war decisions and
processes that lead to differences in ex-combatants'
economic outcomes. In the fourth section, field data from
nine village case studies from three districts in Aceh will
be marshaled to place the analytical framework in the
context of Aceh. In particular, the framework and field data
suggest that the more limited physical and human capital
endowments constrained the choices of former combatants
since they had to maintain enough liquidity to meet their
consumption needs rather than being able to invest in more
productive activities. The fifth section will outline
various hypotheses that emerge from the analytical framework
as well as from the qualitative data and section six will
assess the various hypotheses on the statistical evidence
from the ARLS data. Thus, section six will provide a broad
assessment of the observable implications of the analytical
framework developed in sections three and four. In
particular, ex-combatants with fewer assets and a lack of
access to capital were more likely to have lower incomes and
to engage in quickly maturing, but lower return, economic
activities. The paper will conclude with an examination of
the implications of the findings for reintegration and
development policy in Aceh as well as for other post-war
contexts elsewhere. Show Less -
Type: Working Paper (Numbered Series)
Report#: 68074
Date: July 1, 2010
Author:
Tajima, Yuhki
In the carrying out of this study, there
are twenty one thousand non-profit organizations also known
Non-Profit Organization (NPO) registered in Indonesia. The
existence... Show More +
of the NPO sector is regulated by the Government
of Indonesia (GoI) pursuant to 26 laws and regulations
consist of 15 laws, 4 government regulations, and 7
Ministerial Decree. The implementation of such laws and
regulations is conducted by 10 government institutions
consist of 8 ministries and 2 ministerial-level
institutions. Based on the observation for the last ten
years, the trend on the implementation of the related laws
and regulations and the supervision of the sector is
increasing. The effort on the issuance of laws and
regulations related to NPO has been evidence on such trend.
The result of this study shows that the existence of NPO in
a large amount has not been followed with the laws and
regulations. This is shown in the complexities in the
prevailing laws and regulations related to NPO. One of the
indicators is the haziness in the distribution of duties and
authorization among the ministries, whether in the case of
neither registration nor supervision. Another indicator is
the absence of the effort to map the prevailing laws and
regulations comprehensively in order to identify the weak
point arisen out of the complexity. The effort in mapping
the laws and regulations will be the foundation on the
drafting of the laws so that a comprehensive regulation
which is cross sectoral is achieved. The result of the study
also shows that the government's effort to develop
inter-agency coordination related to NPO supervision,
including imposing the sanction to those who breaches
prevailing laws and regulations, has not been optimized yet.
Thus in number of laws and regulations it is strictly stated
that NPO is obligated to provide financial report regularly,
there are still quite a few NPO complies with the laws and regulations. Show Less -
Type: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
Report#: 70462
Date: June 22, 2010
The Marginalized and Vulnerable Groups
study grew out of a concern that the marginalized segments
of society were being left out of the development planning
process... Show More +
in the National Program for Community Empowerment1
in Rural Areas (PNPM-Rural) a nation-wide community driven
development project in Indonesia. This study used
qualitative methodology to answer the research questions.
Apart from a review of related documents, data was collected
mostly through key informant interviews and focus group
discussions. Cross interviews, especially with (but not
limited to) informants of different positions,
socio-economic background, and (presumed) interests were
used to verify answers. Capitalize on PNPM-Rural's
strength by focusing only on community infrastructure, which
is what PNPM-Rural has done best. Although infrastructure
does not yet proportionally benefit marginalized groups (and
probably never will), the study found that PNPM-Rural has
been able to provide the needed public goods that benefit
marginalized groups. In some villages, especially the
isolated areas, PNPM-Rural has been the only program that
responded to the villagers' requests. Involvement (in a
broader sense) of marginalized groups is also relatively
higher than in the savings and loan activities, at least as
laborers in the construction work. Quality of infrastructure
has been known to be generally good and relatively cheaper
than those being built by regular contractors, as previous
studies of Kecamatan Development Program (KDP) have shown.
Providing better access through infrastructure is a
'trademark' of PNPM-Rural and it is by all means
not less important than providing small loans. Hence, the
study recommends that the main PNPM-Rural (or PNPM-Rural
Inti) only focus on providing infrastructure. The single
focus will help ease the burden of facilitation and still
bring significant benefits. Show Less -
Type: Working Paper
Report#: 65120
Date: June 1, 2010
Increasingly community-driven
development (CDD) projects have been viewed as having the
potential to address local conflicts and to increase local
conflict management... Show More +
capacity. The project improves
inter-group relations, helps democratize village life and
there is mixed evidence that it helps improve problem
solving and conflict resolution. These effects depend
heavily on how well the project is implemented and on the
characteristics of the broader local institutional context.
There are three implications for CDD projects and conflict
management. First, all projects should have in-built
mechanisms to deal with the conflicts they inevitably
produce. Second, if a CDD project is to help mediate
non-project conflicts, its facilitators require specific
training and increased discretion decide when to intervene.
Third, CDD projects are unlikely to be suited to mediate all
forms of conflict. Project staff should not attempt to
automatically transform project forums into conflict
resolution forums, as this may undermine their core
function. Instead, in areas where managing conflict is a
priority, parallel structures should be developed to allow
bottom-up input into conflict resolution processes. Show Less -
Type: Brief
Report#: 53333
Date: March 1, 2010
Author:
Barron, Patrick ;
Diprose, Rachael ;
Woolcock, Michael
This paper draws on data from the 2006
governance and decentralization survey. It has three main
objectives: to understand (a) national patterns of conflict
and dispute... Show More +
resolution; (b) use of police services and the
formal legal system; and (c) connections between governance
factors (corruption, bribery and information about
development projects) and conflict and dispute resolution.
National and regional typologies of conflict and use of
dispute resolution actors are presented along with analysis
of the characteristics of households using police services
and the justice sector. Regression analysis is used to
determine correlations between governance indicators and
conflict reporting and use of dispute resolution actors.
Findings point to the need to continue to understand
linkages between local dynamics of conflict and dispute
resolution and socio-economic and governance factors.
Analysis shows that the presence of a development project
and increased access to information about development are
both, unsurprisingly, linked to increased conflict
reporting. While the village head remains the most
frequently used dispute resolution actor, both for
addressing development and other problems, willingness of
villagers to take problems to the village head is linked to
the quality of governance. Perceptions of village head
corruption are associated with a decrease in the use of the
village head as a dispute resolution actor, while
perceptions of bribery are associated with an increase in
his or her use. Analysis also demonstrates that police
services and the formal legal system are utilized by the
elite far more than the poor. Given that the poor may not
always be well served by informal dispute resolution, or may
have fewer options in the face of weak village governance,
they may need additional assistance in seeking access to justice. Show Less -
Type: Working Paper (Numbered Series)
Report#: 53716
Date: January 1, 2010
Author:
Perdana, Ari ;
McLaughlin, Karrie
The primary objective of BRA-KDP
(Community-based Reintegration Assistance-Kecamatan
Development Program) was to improve the living conditions of
conflict-affected communities... Show More +
and conflict victims by
delivering development assistance tailored to local needs.
This paper presents an overview of BRA-KDP's
achievements; an analysis of issues faced, and provides
recommendations for community-driven development (CDD) and
Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR)
practitioners designing or overseeing programs that use
community-based mechanisms to deliver reintegration
assistance. It should be read in conjunction with an
accompanying impact evaluation. This paper draws on four
primary sources: (i) a survey of KDP district facilitators;
(ii) joint supervision missions; (iii) KDP's Management
Information System (MIS) database; and (iv) findings from
the Aceh reintegration and livelihoods surveys. The paper is
divided into seven sections plus annexes: section two gives
a brief description of the program and the program cycle;
section three discusses how communities handled the
challenging tasks of identifying conflict victims and
directing assistance to the most-affected; section four
looks at participation and inclusion issues, including ways
that ex-combatants interacted with the program; section five
discusses beneficiary communities' usage of funds and
program welfare impacts; section six assesses the level of
satisfaction of communities with program outcomes and
provides an analysis of main complaints and concerns; and
section seven provides a summary of findings and recommendations. Show Less -
Type: Working Paper (Numbered Series)
Report#: 53357
Date: December 1, 2009
Author:
Watanabe, Makiko ;
Morel, Adrian ;
Wrobel, Robert
Violent conflict in Indonesia is in need
of serious theoretical and policy attention. A new belief
that conflict has de-escalated in Indonesia has crept into
popular... Show More +
and policy circles. However, it is not clear whether
the movement towards de-escalation is cyclical or permanent.
Nor is it clear that newer forms of conflict will not erupt
in Indonesia. Comparative theory and evidence indicate that
violence often reappears in areas that previously had acute
conflict. Theory also suggests that unless suitable
institutions or policies are imaginatively devised and put
in place, a multiethnic or multi-religious society is
vulnerable to the possibility of long-run violent conflict.
A careful examination of Indonesia's recent history of
conflict, and forms and patterns present today, is vital for
ascertaining current risks. As the Indonesian government and
society seek to consolidate the democratic gains of the past
decade, understanding violent conflict is of upmost importance. Show Less -
Type: Working Paper (Numbered Series)
Report#: 53358
Date: December 1, 2009
Author:
Barron, Patrick; Jaffrey, Sana; Palmer,
Blair; Varshney, Ashutosh;
This paper describes the impact of
Aceh's Community-Based Assistance for Reintegration of
Conflict Victims program (BRA-KDP). The program, implemented
between August... Show More +
2006 and August 2007, sought to address the
needs of conflict victims in a way that would not only
generate improvements in welfare, but also increase
community cohesion and strengthen relations between citizens
and government. This evaluation assesses whether BRA-KDP was
successful in achieving these objectives. Show Less -
Type: Working Paper (Numbered Series)
Report#: 53714
Date: December 1, 2009
Author:
Barron, Patrick; Humphreys, Macartan; Paler,
Laura; Weinstein, Jeremy;
The Community based Reintegration
Assistance for Conflict Victims (or BRA-KDP) channeled over
US$ 20 million to 1,724 conflict affected villages across 67
sub districts... Show More +
in 17 districts from August 2006 to August
2007. The program was designed and implemented after earlier
attempts by the Aceh Peace Reintegration Agency (BRA) to
apply an individual proposal based system to identify and
assist conflict victims proved unsuccessful, and an
alternative mechanism was needed. BRA, with technical
assistance from the World Bank, adapted the community based
block grant mechanism utilized by the Government of
Indonesia's Kecamatan Development Program (KDP) to
empower communities to decide who is a victim and what kind
of assistance victims would receive. All villages within the
targeted sub-districts received block grants ranging from
Rp. 60 million (US$ 6,000) to Rp. 170 million (US$ 17,000)
depending on the intensity of past conflict in the
sub-district and the village population size. The primary
objective of BRA-KDP was to improve the living conditions of
conflict-affected communities and conflict victims by
delivering development assistance tailored to local needs. Show Less -
Type: Working Paper (Numbered Series)
Report#: 53715
Date: December 1, 2009
Author:
Morel, Adrian; Watanabe, Makiko; Wrobel, Robert;
