Module 5 Video: Social protection responses to forced displacement

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00:44 Good afternoon

00:45 to all of you from Copenhagen,

00:47 or good morning,

00:48 good evening,

00:48 depending on where you are,

00:49 and welcome to the 5th

00:51 out of 8 module

00:53 of the Learning from the Evidence of Force Displacement Training Program.

00:56 This training is organized by the UK government,

00:59 UNHCR,

00:59 World Bank,

01:00 building the evidence on for displacement Research Program

01:03 in collaboration with the World Bank,

01:05 UNICR Joint Data Center on Forced Displacement.

01:08 My name is Domenico Tavaso.

01:09 I'm a senior economist at the Joint Data Center.

01:12 Today I'm joined by

01:13 Christy Low from

01:15 who's a regress associate at ODI

01:18 and Jessica Hagen-Zunker,

01:20 who's a senior research fellow also at ODI.

01:24 Jessica and Christie will be leading this,

01:26 this module,

01:27 which focuses on social protection

01:29 responses to forced displacement

01:30 and in particular,

01:32 more specifically focuses on how social protection humanitarian systems

01:36 can work together

01:37 to meet the needs of those affected by forced displacement.

01:40 Well,

01:41 the session,

01:41 we will also

01:43 have interventions from

01:45 colleagues from UNHCR

01:46 and the World Bank.

01:48 We will introduce them later during the,

01:50 during the module.

01:52 Before we get started,

01:52 I would just like to cover a couple of uh housekeeping rules.

01:56 This meeting is being recorded.

01:58 So,

01:59 um,

02:00 the recording will be posted online in the resource

02:03 web uh page of the building evidence website.

02:07 You are encouraged to keep your camera on throughout the duration of the module.

02:11 It is always nice to see the faces of

02:13 the people we are talking to throughout the module.

02:16 But do please

02:17 keep your mic off

02:19 while not talking to,

02:20 to,

02:21 to the speakers.

02:22 The module will last

02:24 90 minutes as usual,

02:26 and there will be a Q&A session at the end.

02:29 Uh,

02:30 however,

02:30 you're also encouraged to use the chat room to pose your question and

02:34 make suggestions and comments to the speaker throughout the entire duration of,

02:37 of this module.

02:39 We'd like to always know who we're talking to.

02:43 So if you can,

02:44 we invite you to rename yourself with your name

02:46 and affiliation in the,

02:48 in the,

02:49 in your Zoom room.

02:51 Uh,

02:51 you can do that by clicking on the three dots

02:54 that appear at the top right hand corner of your,

02:57 of your screen,

02:58 and then selecting rename.

03:01 Feel free to use the chat

03:02 also to introduce yourself should you wish to do so to the other speakers,

03:07 the panelists,

03:08 and the,

03:09 and the presenters.

03:11 Um,

03:12 welcome again

03:13 to,

03:13 to this module.

03:15 I leave now the floor to Christy.

03:17 I wish

03:18 all of you

03:19 an enjoyable module,

03:21 and I'll see you at the very end of this session.

03:24 Christy,

03:24 over to you.

03:25 Thank you.

03:34 Great.

03:35 Thanks so much,

03:36 everyone,

03:36 and sorry for the slight delay getting myself off mute there.

03:40 Um,

03:40 I am Christy Lowe,

03:41 as Domenico mentioned.

03:42 I'm a research associate at ODI,

03:45 uh,

03:45 and,

03:45 uh,

03:46 along with my colleague Jessica Hagenzanka,

03:48 who is also co-hosting this session.

03:51 We are really delighted to have you join us.

03:53 Uh,

03:54 the session will look at how

03:55 social protection and humanitarian responses

03:58 can work together to meet.

03:59 The needs of those affected by displacement crises.

04:03 And you'll note throughout the session that alongside reflections from you all

04:08 and also from our excellent guest speakers,

04:11 the session content draws quite heavily

04:13 on the findings of an ODI-led research

04:16 project that was completed between 2020 and 2022

04:21 as part of the Building the Evidence on forced displacement program.

04:25 Uh,

04:25 and we send our,

04:26 our thanks to,

04:28 uh,

04:28 the,

04:29 uh,

04:29 funders of that program and,

04:30 and those managing,

04:31 uh,

04:32 that multi-stakeholder partnership.

04:34 Just to,

04:35 uh,

04:36 briefly give you a bit of detail on the research project,

04:39 uh,

04:39 it entailed a global evidence review

04:42 and also global data analysis,

04:44 as well as mixed methods primary data collection in 3 case study countries.

04:49 And these sites were selected to provide.

04:52 Different contexts of displacement and humanitarian response,

04:56 and they were the IDP and Venezuelan responses

04:59 both in Bogota and Cucuta in Colombia,

05:03 uh,

05:04 assistance for asylum seekers and refugees in Athens and Yanina in Greece,

05:09 and also refugee and IDP responses in the far north and east regions of Cameroon.

05:16 And in each of these countries we conducted a

05:18 1500 household survey as well as focus groups,

05:21 in-depth interviews,

05:22 and also key informant interviews with government,

05:25 international,

05:25 and civil society representatives,

05:27 and that research was very much completed in partnership with several

05:31 fantastic research organizations,

05:33 namely

05:34 CAS RT in Cameroon,

05:37 the School of Government at Universidad de los Andes in Colombia,

05:40 and the National Center for Social Research ECA

05:44 in Greece.

05:48 So,

05:48 here you can see the agenda for today's session.

05:52 Uh,

05:52 we will be starting with a quick introductory exercise to hear about you

05:57 and about your priorities for the session.

05:59 Uh,

05:59 we'll then have a brief recap on what social protection actually is,

06:03 uh,

06:04 through an interactive quiz,

06:05 and that's especially

06:06 because some of you are.

06:07 Coming at this topic more from the humanitarian or displacement angle.

06:11 And

06:12 after that,

06:12 we'll consider what it actually means to link with social protection

06:16 and what might determine which approach to take in a given context.

06:21 Uh,

06:21 for that,

06:21 we'll have some practitioner insights from

06:24 Mattia Polviesi from UNHCR.

06:27 And we'll then reflect on 5 overarching lessons from the project,

06:32 uh,

06:32 followed by insights on the Colombia experience from

06:35 Luz Dela Rodriguez from the World Bank.

06:38 And finally,

06:39 we should have a bit of time at the end

06:41 for Q&A,

06:43 uh,

06:43 but given that it is quite limited,

06:45 feel free,

06:46 as Domenico mentioned,

06:47 to pop

06:48 questions in the chat,

06:49 and,

06:49 and we'll try and answer them when we can.

06:55 So,

06:56 um,

06:57 before,

06:58 well,

06:58 now we'll go right into actually the,

07:01 uh,

07:01 little introductory exercise that we have here.

07:04 Um,

07:04 we have lots of excellent participants on this call,

07:07 and we would like to know who you are and really get a bit of a picture of that.

07:10 So,

07:11 we've set up a,

07:12 um,

07:13 uh,

07:14 an interactive exercise using Mimter,

07:17 um,

07:17 which I hope that you can see on the screen now,

07:22 um.

07:24 Can you see the,

07:25 the mentiter screen,

07:27 or is it still sharing the?

07:30 Yes.

07:30 Yes.

07:31 Great.

07:32 OK.

07:32 So,

07:33 um,

07:34 if you haven't used this,

07:35 uh,

07:35 platform before,

07:36 it's very easy.

07:37 You can either use your phone to scan the QR code there,

07:41 uh,

07:41 or you can just go to www.menti.com,

07:45 and then you'll need to enter this

07:47 8 digit code,

07:48 and that will basically bring you into the quiz that we have,

07:51 uh,

07:51 set up.

07:52 It's not really the first part,

07:53 it's not really a quiz.

07:54 It's,

07:54 it's an exercise.

07:55 Um,

07:56 I can see lots of thumbs up,

07:58 which I think means that people are accessing it.

08:01 Um,

08:02 so,

08:03 uh,

08:03 I'll just give another couple seconds for people to,

08:06 to find that page if you haven't already,

08:09 and then we'll get started.

08:14 OK.

08:15 So,

08:16 uh,

08:17 just firstly,

08:18 we would be very keen to hear

08:21 where,

08:21 uh,

08:22 in the world you are working,

08:23 and this is obviously helpful to understand the kinds of displacement

08:26 contexts or social protection systems that you might be working with.

08:30 So go ahead and just select,

08:31 um,

08:32 your region or,

08:32 or multiple regions if you're,

08:34 if you're working in more than one,

08:36 and we can get an idea of where the audience is based.

08:42 And moving all around there.

08:43 Sub-Saharan Africa currently leading,

08:45 and Europe and Central Asia,

08:47 Middle East as well.

08:47 I guess time zones will be playing a factor here too.

08:50 But for those of

08:51 those who are based in a time zone that wasn't so,

08:53 um,

08:54 easily served by this,

08:55 we will

08:56 have an e-learning version of this that people can access,

08:59 you know,

08:59 uh,

09:00 not if they weren't able to join the live sessions.

09:03 OK,

09:03 great,

09:03 so.

09:04 Good to see,

09:05 yep,

09:05 Sub-Saharan Africa still,

09:07 still leading there,

09:07 but a nice variation,

09:09 so we should be able to hear quite a range of examples from you.

09:13 Uh,

09:13 the,

09:14 the next question then is,

09:16 uh,

09:16 to understand where,

09:17 um,

09:18 which organization you work with.

09:20 Uh,

09:20 so we've listed a few examples down there,

09:22 but of course,

09:22 if your organization isn't covered,

09:24 you can select the other option.

09:35 UNHCR and World Bank currently on level pegging there.

09:38 Quite a lot of other as well.

09:40 Um,

09:40 if you want to,

09:41 um,

09:42 post in the Zoom chat and let us know the other organizations you're working with,

09:46 would be interesting to hear as well,

09:47 but we,

09:48 we should also be able to tell from the,

09:49 the Zoom,

09:51 uh,

09:51 signups at the end.

09:54 Great.

09:54 OK.

09:55 Again,

09:55 a very nice range of,

09:57 uh,

09:57 of organizations there,

09:58 which is really good to see and will make for a very,

10:00 uh,

10:00 fruitful discussion,

10:01 I think.

10:02 Um,

10:03 so then the

10:05 final question in this set is maybe a little,

10:07 requires a little bit more thought,

10:09 but,

10:09 uh,

10:10 obviously,

10:10 you've given up your very valuable time to join this session.

10:12 So we would love to know

10:14 what is something that you hope to get out of it,

10:17 uh,

10:18 today,

10:18 for today's training session.

10:20 So,

10:20 go ahead and type in your responses,

10:21 and then they should start popping up on the screen.

10:35 That's a good one.

10:36 Links between social protection and humanitarian responses.

10:39 That is the,

10:40 the,

10:40 definitely the main focus,

10:41 so it will be great to see there.

10:43 A lot of difficulties to measure impact in social protection.

10:45 Interesting.

10:46 That's something we can hopefully discuss

10:48 as well in the Q&A.

10:49 Practical approaches,

10:51 navigating political economy challenges,

10:54 good practice examples,

10:55 relevant data,

10:57 uh,

10:58 like understanding more ideas for collaboration.

11:01 And non-duplication of efforts.

11:03 These are all

11:04 great responses and really,

11:05 uh,

11:06 I think in line,

11:06 hopefully with what we have planned.

11:08 So,

11:09 uh,

11:09 that's fantastic to see.

11:11 Uh,

11:11 I do think there might even be more pages of,

11:15 uh,

11:15 no,

11:15 yeah.

11:16 I think we can only see maybe a selection of the responses,

11:18 but really good ones there.

11:19 So thank you for those.

11:21 Uh,

11:21 and I'm now going to hand over to Jessica,

11:23 who's going to dive right into the next,

11:24 uh,

11:25 part of the session,

11:25 which is,

11:26 um,

11:26 kind of recapping what we're actually talking

11:28 about when we refer to social protection.

11:31 So over to you,

11:32 Jessica.

11:34 Thank you so much.

11:35 Um,

11:35 so,

11:36 uh,

11:37 we,

11:38 we realized that not all of you were

11:39 going to come from a social protection background.

11:42 Um,

11:43 some of you,

11:44 um,

11:45 have more of a humanitarian or displacement background.

11:48 So we wanted to have,

11:49 um,

11:50 a quick overview of what social protection is

11:53 and hopefully,

11:54 it also serves as a useful recap of

11:56 those who have worked in social protection before,

11:59 um.

12:00 The background reading,

12:02 which you hopefully received,

12:04 um,

12:04 provided some insights on what social protection is.

12:07 So instead of doing a

12:09 a

12:09 a lecture on this topic and presenting a set of slides,

12:13 we thought

12:13 it would be more fun to have an interactive quiz,

12:16 and don't worry,

12:17 there won't be any names on the screen,

12:19 so we're just going to do this on Mentiter again.

12:23 Um,

12:24 so we're first going to start with some descriptions of social protection,

12:28 and we're going to ask you for each of these,

12:31 if these statements are true or false.

12:34 So you should be getting them on Mentimter again,

12:38 and then you can select true or false.

12:40 Um,

12:41 so the first one is,

12:42 social protection refers to the system of policies and programs

12:46 that protect people against poverty and

12:48 risks to their livelihoods and well-being.

12:51 Um,

12:52 so we're having some true responses already.

12:56 Um,

12:57 I'll wait for a bit longer.

13:00 Um,

13:01 we've got 19 responses.

13:04 Um,

13:06 how many should I be expecting in total,

13:08 Christy?

13:09 Was it around

13:10 2025 you waited for generally?

13:13 I,

13:13 I think uh 20 is,

13:15 yeah,

13:15 20.

13:15 OK,

13:16 it looks like it's increased.

13:18 OK,

13:19 um,

13:19 so everyone has selected true,

13:22 which is true.

13:23 It's,

13:23 um,

13:23 this definition is taken from the,

13:26 um,

13:27 USP 2030,

13:29 which is a global multi-stakeholder partnership,

13:33 which was launched in launched in 2016

13:36 to bring

13:37 together governments,

13:38 international and regional organizations,

13:40 as well as civil society organizations,

13:43 social partners,

13:43 and others

13:44 all around the goal of achieving universal social protection.

13:49 So let's move on to the next statement.

13:52 Um,

13:52 is,

13:53 so social protection

13:55 is a universal human right.

13:59 OK.

14:00 Got some truths already.

14:02 One false.

14:04 Um.

14:07 14 truths,

14:08 definitely biased towards truths here.

14:11 Um,

14:12 OK,

14:13 so,

14:14 um,

14:14 I'm going to stop here

14:16 and tell you that it is true.

14:18 Um,

14:19 every person has the right to social protection.

14:22 This is enshrined in Article 22

14:25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

14:28 It's also in Article 9 of the International Covenant on Economic,

14:33 Social and Cultural Rights,

14:35 and it's also included in

14:38 several other international human rights,

14:40 labor,

14:42 and social security instruments.

14:45 OK,

14:46 um,

14:46 final statement.

14:49 Implementing nationally appropriate social protection

14:53 systems is an explicit target

14:56 in the SDGs.

14:58 True or false.

15:04 OK,

15:05 so we've mostly got truths again.

15:09 Um,

15:10 14s,

15:12 now on 16.

15:15 Yeah,

15:17 great,

15:17 um,

15:18 and great job,

15:19 uh,

15:20 everybody.

15:20 You can see how we've structured those questions,

15:23 and yes,

15:24 once again,

15:24 this statement is true.

15:26 Um,

15:26 social protection actually features a couple of times in the 2030 agenda,

15:32 um,

15:32 but there are

15:34 also some explicit targets around social protection,

15:37 for example,

15:38 Target 1.3,

15:39 um,

15:40 which is about nationally appropriate social protection systems.

15:46 Great.

15:46 Um,

15:47 so we're now going to,

15:49 um,

15:50 talk about what social protection actually looks like in practice.

15:54 Um,

15:54 and on the Menttimeter page,

15:57 you're going to get a list of different,

15:59 um,

16:00 interventions,

16:01 and please tell us,

16:03 um,

16:03 which of these programs you think constitutes a form of social protection.

16:14 Great.

16:14 Um,

16:16 great job,

16:16 everybody.

16:18 So there are 2 you're a bit less sure of.

16:21 Those are public works programs and statutory

16:24 maternity leave.

16:26 Let's wait for a few more coming in.

16:28 It's really fun actually watching,

16:30 watching the bars change,

16:32 um,

16:33 and seeing your responses come in.

16:35 They're all pretty even,

16:36 to be honest,

16:37 um,

16:38 great.

16:40 OK,

16:41 we're now pretty much on 2,

16:43 and we're above 20 for some of them.

16:44 OK,

16:45 good.

16:46 Um,

16:46 so,

16:47 the answer is that actually,

16:49 all of these can be,

16:50 um,

16:51 classified as examples of social protection.

16:55 Um,

16:55 and I'm now going to explain why such a

16:58 diverse range of programs are all social protection.

17:01 So we're going to leave Mentimter for now.

17:03 Um,

17:04 and we'll come back again briefly for another exercise later,

17:09 um,

17:09 but yeah,

17:10 we're back,

17:10 back in PowerPoint now.

17:13 Um,

17:14 so,

17:15 as you saw just now in our mini quiz and also in the pre-training,

17:19 social protection is a really broad term,

17:22 which covers many different types of programs.

17:25 And,

17:26 um,

17:26 these include a range of

17:28 contributory schemes.

17:30 Um,

17:31 Um,

17:33 which,

17:33 um,

17:33 such as social insurance,

17:35 where participants,

17:36 often,

17:37 um,

17:37 workers in partnership with their employers,

17:40 make regular

17:41 payments to a scheme that will help them

17:44 to

17:45 get benefits,

17:45 to help them manage a particular risk if it arises.

17:49 Um,

17:49 but before contributory schemes,

17:51 there are also non-contributory schemes

17:53 which do not require.

17:56 Any direct financial contribution from participants

17:59 for them to um receive benefits,

18:02 for example,

18:02 social assistance and social care.

18:05 And then finally,

18:06 on the right-hand side of the chart,

18:08 you'll see labor market programs.

18:10 Um,

18:11 so labor market policies and intervention are a

18:14 final category of um social protection instrument.

18:17 For example,

18:18 the public works programs,

18:19 which you saw as part of the quiz.

18:22 However,

18:23 um,

18:24 when thinking,

18:25 um,

18:25 sorry,

18:26 thank you,

18:26 Kristy.

18:27 When thinking about linking with social

18:29 protection systems in displacement context,

18:32 the focus is often on non-contributory schemes,

18:36 so they are the ones which

18:38 have a yellow box around them.

18:40 Um,

18:40 and there are two main reasons for this.

18:43 Firstly,

18:43 in low and middle-income countries,

18:46 where the vast majority of displaced people are hosted,

18:49 most workers are informally employed.

18:52 And um that means that coverage of

18:56 contributory schemes and labor market policies is often very low,

19:00 um,

19:01 since they generally only relate to the formal labor market.

19:06 The second reason is that social protection often

19:08 mirrors the format of humanitarian assistance most closely.

19:13 Um,

19:14 so it's provided on a non-contributory basis,

19:17 um,

19:18 so targeting individuals or households

19:21 that are typically considered vulnerable.

19:26 Um,

19:26 next slide,

19:27 please,

19:27 Christy.

19:29 Um,

19:30 when thinking about linking

19:32 with the social protection system,

19:34 it's,

19:35 um,

19:35 important to be aware that

19:37 a social protection system has many components,

19:41 and broadly speaking,

19:43 it's helpful,

19:44 helpful to think of these as being grouped into

19:47 three main levels.

19:49 The first one is the policy level at the top of that chart.

19:53 Um,

19:53 and this is where the social protection strategic vision is embedded

19:58 in legal and policy frameworks supported by financing,

20:02 governance,

20:03 and coordination arrangements,

20:05 and also by

20:06 functional and technical capacity of agencies.

20:10 Um,

20:11 Involved.

20:12 The next one is the program level,

20:15 where the design of each program is determined,

20:18 and this includes decisions around the objectives of each scheme,

20:23 the type,

20:23 the amount,

20:24 and package of benefits and services delivered,

20:27 and also the criteria

20:29 underlying eligibility and vulnerability,

20:33 and also risk profiling.

20:35 So this is probably

20:37 the level that um

20:38 many of you are most comfortable at.

20:41 And then finally,

20:42 the deliver

20:44 delivery or administration level,

20:46 that refers to the operational systems and also the processes for

20:51 actually implementing social protection in practice

20:55 across each phase of the delivery chain,

20:57 such as,

20:58 for example,

20:58 registration

21:00 or monitoring and evaluation.

21:05 Christy,

21:06 back to you.

21:08 Yes,

21:09 thanks,

21:09 Jessica.

21:10 So that gives the overview of what social protection is all about,

21:13 but why have we seen so much interest

21:16 in linking with these systems over the past few years?

21:20 Uh,

21:20 well.

21:22 There's growing interest firstly because the

21:25 traditional kind of humanitarian system has really

21:28 struggled to respond

21:30 to

21:30 this

21:31 very evolving and complex displacement challenge.

21:34 So we know that now over 100 million people are

21:38 displaced at present.

21:40 Uh,

21:40 and often this is on a protracted basis,

21:43 uh,

21:44 and the displaced populations in question are frequently

21:46 living among host communities who themselves are,

21:49 are frequently socioeconomically vulnerable

21:52 and living in low and middle income countries.

21:55 And another dimension is that increasingly we're seeing that displacement is,

21:58 uh,

21:58 is often urban,

22:00 um,

22:00 and,

22:00 and not,

22:01 um,

22:02 not rural

22:03 as the as the dominant form.

22:05 And rather than delivering humanitarian assistance

22:08 principally through international or non-governmental agencies,

22:12 it's hoped that working more closely with national social protection systems

22:16 could be a more cost effective,

22:18 sustainable

22:19 and

22:20 and equitable,

22:21 excuse me,

22:21 way to respond to displacement situations.

22:25 And this is because social protection systems are,

22:27 in theory,

22:29 permanent,

22:30 nationally owned structures

22:32 that have been

22:32 Established with the precise remit to support

22:36 people to respond to different types of risks

22:38 and vulnerabilities.

22:40 And in theory,

22:41 at least,

22:42 they are designed to provide this kind of support

22:46 as a predictable entitlement and sometimes one that's legally enshrined.

22:51 And so it's,

22:52 it

22:52 could,

22:53 shouldn't be framed as an ad hoc kind of charitable act

22:56 that could disappear at any point when the funding dries up.

23:00 This is in theory,

23:01 I realize in practice it often plays out very differently.

23:04 Another point is that providing support to both

23:07 displaced and host communities through the same welfare system

23:10 is sometimes viewed as a more equitable approach,

23:13 since there have been concerns that humanitarian responses,

23:16 uh,

23:17 tend to focus primarily on displaced communities,

23:19 but that the vulnerable host community households in those areas may not actually

23:23 have had their needs met through any kind of um existing system.

23:28 In addition,

23:29 by working more closely with state systems,

23:31 it's hoped that the international community's response

23:34 could help to strengthen national social protection capacity

23:38 and also enhance the host government's relations with the displaced community

23:42 and potentially even the host community as well if

23:44 they too are served by stronger social protection programming.

23:48 Uh,

23:48 and,

23:49 uh,

23:49 finally,

23:49 it's also hoped that a social protection response could serve to promote

23:53 better coordination between humanitarian

23:56 development and peacebuilding actors,

23:58 uh,

23:58 since social protection can actually help to

24:00 serve the objectives of all three areas.

24:03 Uh,

24:03 and throughout this session,

24:05 especially later on when we discuss the lessons,

24:07 we'll be thinking about

24:09 to what extent this evidence,

24:10 uh,

24:10 the evidence actually,

24:12 uh,

24:12 supports these expectations,

24:14 um,

24:14 but this gives you a sense of kind of where this agenda has come from.

24:19 Uh,

24:19 and

24:20 that,

24:21 that hopefully gives you a flavor,

24:22 but I think it's probably,

24:24 um,

24:25 uh,

24:25 worth also clarifying what we actually mean when

24:27 we talk about linking with social protection systems.

24:30 What,

24:30 what could this actually look like?

24:32 And,

24:33 this is something that in the project's analytical framework,

24:36 we go into in A lot of detail,

24:37 and we don't have time,

24:39 I'm afraid,

24:39 to go into any of that detail here,

24:41 really.

24:42 But just a few key points to stress

24:45 are that,

24:45 firstly,

24:46 there are really a range of different options

24:49 for linking humanitarian assistance with the social protection system.

24:53 And what is most appropriate within that range

24:56 is going to depend on the specific context.

24:59 So,

24:59 you know,

24:59 full integration is not necessarily the ideal

25:02 push for in all cases.

25:04 That's something that we'll discuss a bit later.

25:07 Um,

25:07 so this range,

25:08 uh,

25:08 at one extreme.

25:10 There may be no link between the two systems,

25:13 between humanitarian and social protection systems,

25:16 meaning the humanitarian-led assistance for the space

25:18 population is operating entirely in parallel,

25:21 i.e.,

25:22 not linked

25:23 to the state social protection system.

25:25 And at the other extreme,

25:27 humanitarian assistance may be fully integrated into the state system,

25:32 meaning the response is state-led.

25:34 And the national social protection system is effectively expanding

25:38 to provide assistance to both the displaced and host populations together.

25:44 But there are also categories in between these two extremes,

25:48 and broadly these can be grouped into

25:50 what we call aligning,

25:52 which means the programming approach

25:55 is humanitarian led,

25:57 but it does use the state's either existing or future social protection system

26:02 as a reference point.

26:05 Uh,

26:05 then the other

26:07 group is leveraging,

26:09 or that's how we refer to it,

26:10 and that means that the programming approach,

26:12 again,

26:12 it's still humanitarian led,

26:15 but the state is now directly involved in some way,

26:18 and the approach

26:19 is actually explicitly using or being used by

26:23 the social the national social protection system.

26:26 And one.

26:27 Other important thing to note here is that even if

26:30 the assistance approach is linked with the social protection system,

26:34 or is a state-led

26:36 approach,

26:36 it doesn't necessarily have to use an existing

26:39 kind of standard social protection arrangement.

26:43 So the assistance approach can actually,

26:45 and in most cases probably should

26:47 be tailored

26:49 to serve the displaced population,

26:50 given that they're a unique,

26:52 um,

26:53 a new population with unique circumstances.

26:58 I realize I'm covering quite a lot of material,

27:00 uh,

27:00 here at once,

27:01 and,

27:01 and I can see that there's some messages popping up in,

27:04 um,

27:04 the chat,

27:05 um,

27:05 that we'll,

27:06 we'll get to when,

27:07 when there are Q&A.

27:09 Um,

27:09 but just to cover another kind of really key point,

27:11 I think,

27:12 when we're,

27:12 uh,

27:13 considering what types of linkages can be made.

27:16 Uh,

27:16 is that systems can be linked to different degrees

27:20 at different points in the social protection system.

27:23 So,

27:23 Jessica explained earlier that the social

27:25 protection system consists of many components

27:28 grouped at the policy,

27:29 program,

27:30 design,

27:30 and administration levels,

27:32 and these components.

27:34 Really,

27:34 each provide a connection point

27:36 where assistance programming could

27:38 or could not be linked to the social protection system

27:42 to,

27:42 to a certain degree.

27:43 So whether that's aligning,

27:44 leveraging,

27:45 or fully integrating,

27:46 these are all kind of opportunities to consider

27:49 how strong a link you want to make.

27:52 And the same linkage option doesn't need to be applied at every connection point.

27:56 Um,

27:57 so what this means in,

27:58 in practice,

27:59 really,

27:59 is that there are many possible approaches

28:02 for linking with the social protection system,

28:04 um.

28:05 Because of all these different configurations,

28:08 and you,

28:08 of course,

28:09 won't need this kind of detail all the time,

28:12 but if you are really involved in the weeds of

28:15 kind of developing an assistance program for displaced populations,

28:19 then it might be helpful to think about,

28:21 um,

28:22 or

28:23 consider what we call a,

28:24 a linkage profile.

28:25 You can see the,

28:26 the diagram on the slide there,

28:28 and basically,

28:29 at the,

28:29 at the top,

28:30 um,

28:30 on the horizon.

28:31 tal axis,

28:31 we have the different kind of linkage options ranging from no link,

28:36 parallel system,

28:37 right through to a state-led approach.

28:39 And on the

28:41 Y axis here,

28:42 on the vertical axis,

28:43 we've got the different connection points.

28:46 And you can see that depending on the connection point,

28:50 you can take a different linkage approach.

28:52 The diagram that you see here,

28:53 the yellow marks

28:55 are

28:56 illustrated.

28:57 The

28:57 linkages formed in a specific

29:00 program that WFP ran

29:02 in Colombia as part of a joint pilot with the government.

29:05 And really,

29:06 the main point here,

29:07 you don't need,

29:07 of course,

29:08 all the detail,

29:09 but the main point is just to show that actually,

29:11 you can have a humanitarian,

29:14 a parallel approach.

29:16 At one point,

29:17 for example,

29:17 financing,

29:18 which here was being financed by WFP,

29:21 the humanitarian system.

29:22 But at other points,

29:24 you could have an entire a state-led approach.

29:26 So,

29:27 in terms of program design,

29:28 the,

29:29 the setting of the transfer value or the establishment of the targeting criteria,

29:33 in this case,

29:34 were very much state led.

29:40 I'm whizzing quite quickly through here,

29:42 um,

29:43 but the,

29:43 the next point that we wanted to make is that the linkage approach,

29:47 um,

29:47 that is optimal in a specific context will really depend on

29:50 the factors and actors that are present in that context.

29:54 Um,

29:55 there is a specific toolkit that we've designed to kind

29:58 of help you think through the factors and actors in

30:01 a lot of detail,

30:03 uh,

30:03 but for now,

30:04 we'll just be pointing out a few headline examples,

30:07 and then we'll

30:08 have a few minutes or.

30:09 So for you to reflect on the factors or actors

30:12 that are that are most relevant in your context.

30:15 Um,

30:16 the fact that the key factors,

30:17 then,

30:17 we have kind of three groups of key factors,

30:20 and the first set relate to the initial context,

30:23 um,

30:23 meaning the nature of the displacement,

30:27 uh,

30:27 so the,

30:28 you know,

30:28 what are the characteristics of the displacement shock,

30:30 what phase is that shock in,

30:33 and what are the characteristics also of the

30:35 displaced population at the time of their arrival.

30:39 Then looking at the host context,

30:41 uh,

30:41 so what are the structural features,

30:43 for example,

30:44 the political or econo economic context,

30:47 what is the state of the existing social protection system,

30:49 and also the state of the existing humanitarian presence in the country.

30:54 And then of course,

30:55 you also need to consider the laws,

30:57 institutions,

30:57 and norms that are kind of governing

30:59 the way that the national government and the international community respond.

31:03 And just to give you

31:05 one example here

31:07 from our Cameroon case study,

31:09 we saw that the international

31:10 humanitarian principles of neutrality and independence

31:14 meant that it was Not very feasible for the international humanitarian agencies

31:18 to work through state systems

31:21 in response to one of the displacement crises in the country,

31:24 namely the

31:26 Anglophone IDP crisis in the northwest and southwest regions

31:30 where the state was playing a very active role

31:33 in the conflict.

31:35 But by In comparison,

31:36 links with state systems were more viable in the east region in Cameroon,

31:41 in response to the influx of refugees from the Central African Republic,

31:45 because the state of Cameroon had not

31:47 played any part in the cause of that displacement.

31:50 That's

31:50 just one simplified example there,

31:53 but just to kind of illustrate a little bit.

31:56 It's also then

31:57 important to consider how your assistance programming

32:00 fits into the wider national and international response

32:05 to the displacement situation.

32:07 So,

32:07 for example,

32:08 in Colombia,

32:09 the state

32:10 has a comprehensive law

32:12 and strategy and coordination mechanism for supporting IDPs

32:16 and also took a progressive stance from the.

32:19 in

32:21 permitting the entry of displaced Venezuelans and

32:24 facilitating the access to different state services,

32:27 and this created expectations then

32:29 that non-governmental and international assistance

32:32 should be provided

32:34 as a kind of supplement to and really um

32:36 working closely with state state systems

32:39 rather than a parallel humanitarian system.

32:44 Then,

32:44 um,

32:45 when considering how the social protection system should be used,

32:48 it's also important to take into account

32:50 the current situation of affected populations,

32:53 and we have this as a stand-alone,

32:55 uh,

32:55 kind of group,

32:56 because of course,

32:57 the,

32:57 the current situation may be quite different

33:00 from the initial context at the point when the displaced population first arrived.

33:05 And to give you an example of how this is relevant of what we saw in our research,

33:10 we saw in Greece that refugees were expected to receive

33:14 tailored assistance for only 1 year after gaining refugee status,

33:19 at which point they were meant to either have become self-reliant

33:23 or to have started to receive state-led

33:25 assistance through the standard social protection system.

33:28 Um,

33:28 this was quite a challenging approach

33:30 that wasn't really producing the desired outcomes

33:33 because we saw that in one year,

33:35 it really wasn't possible for the refugees to,

33:38 um,

33:39 gain self-reliance,

33:40 given language barriers and limited employment opportunities and so on.

33:44 And also the social protection system was designed in a

33:47 way that had many barriers that actually prohibited their access.

33:50 I think

33:50 Jessica's going to touch on that a little bit more later.

33:54 So,

33:55 there we see that the,

33:56 the current situation of,

33:57 of the refugee population wasn't necessarily in line with the

34:00 er approach to social welfare provision that was being taken.

34:05 And finally,

34:06 a major finding that emerged from the research was that the approach that you take

34:11 to linking with social protection and the outcomes of that approach really

34:15 depend far more on the political will and the key actors involved

34:20 than on any of these

34:22 left hand.

34:23 Kind of factors.

34:24 So if the central actors don't have the motivation

34:27 or incentives or the relationships aren't in place,

34:30 uh,

34:31 to,

34:31 uh,

34:32 implement a particular assistance strategy,

34:34 then even if the policy on paper is to

34:36 fully integrate refugees in the social protection system,

34:39 that may not happen.

34:42 Um,

34:42 so,

34:42 to give this theory a little bit more grounding,

34:46 um,

34:47 we're going to do a quick exercise.

34:49 This is just kind of.

34:52 The immediate thoughts,

34:52 I think that come to mind that we want to hear from,

34:54 and we're going to do it

34:55 um in the chat actually,

34:57 rather than in mentingita,

34:58 just so that you can also see the slide at the same time.

35:01 Um,

35:02 but we'd like you to think,

35:04 based on kind of some of the points you've heard so far,

35:06 if you think of a displacement context that you're familiar with,

35:10 does anything stand out as being kind of a really obvious factor

35:14 or a particular point relating to the actors that would actually influence

35:19 whether you can consider linking with the social protection system

35:22 or the degree to which you might choose to link with that system?

35:27 Uh,

35:27 I know it's a,

35:28 it's a question you could spend many hours or days even,

35:31 um,

35:32 reflecting on,

35:32 and you can do that after the session,

35:34 but,

35:35 um,

35:35 we'd love to hear from you if you have some initial ideas,

35:37 uh,

35:38 on,

35:38 on that point.

35:39 So,

35:39 I'm gonna

35:40 open up the,

35:42 the chat.

35:47 I'll keep the slide up so that you can see some of the points on there,

35:50 but if there's anyone brave enough to post a few ideas on there,

35:54 um,

35:55 then feel free.

36:00 Is there anything in,

36:02 yeah,

36:02 OK,

36:02 so we've got one response,

36:03 a lack of political will to integrate displaced populations.

36:07 Whether the existing system for citizens is close to

36:10 collapse or is able to deliver right now,

36:12 that's an essential,

36:13 essential one to do with the host context,

36:15 state of the existing social protection system.

36:18 Scale of the displacement,

36:20 absolutely.

36:20 The number of displaced people relative to the host community,

36:23 that would certainly influence how viable integration would be.

36:27 And yeah,

36:29 Lucy has given an example from from Jordan in terms of the kind of the

36:33 political approach towards refugee integration there,

36:36 um,

36:36 being,

36:37 I imagine,

36:38 quite a constraint then for for looking at a very close,

36:42 closely linked approach

36:44 or even

36:44 full integration.

36:47 Civil society,

36:48 international actors and law enforcement organizations,

36:50 yeah,

36:51 those are good examples of the types of actors that can really

36:54 make the difference in whether um linkages actually

36:57 play out well in practice.

36:59 Uh,

36:59 I can see there's lots more examples,

37:01 uh,

37:02 coming,

37:03 In the chat there,

37:04 and those are fantastic

37:05 cases,

37:06 um,

37:07 and suggestions given.

37:09 Feel free to keep jotting them down.

37:11 Um,

37:12 but for now,

37:13 I'm going to,

37:14 in order to try and keep to the time here,

37:15 I'm going to hand over

37:17 to,

37:18 uh,

37:18 Mattia Pulviesi,

37:20 who is

37:21 Our guest speaker,

37:23 um,

37:23 from UNHCR,

37:24 and,

37:25 of course,

37:25 uh,

37:26 they have a huge amount of experience of exactly this question.

37:30 So he's going to share with us,

37:32 um,

37:32 some of UNHCR's thinking on linking.

37:35 I'm going to stop sharing my screen so that we can.

37:39 Hear from,

37:40 from him directly.

37:41 So go ahead,

37:42 Mattia.

37:43 Thank you very much,

37:44 uh,

37:44 Christy,

37:45 and,

37:45 uh,

37:45 really,

37:45 uh,

37:46 I'll pick up exactly from where you left,

37:48 and I think,

37:48 uh,

37:48 in general,

37:49 the main message I would like to convey,

37:51 and I will not be using um um

37:54 PowerPoint,

37:54 but

37:55 the main message I would like to convey today is that it's an optimistic one,

37:59 is that

38:00 despite the barriers and the challenges that we see,

38:03 Uh,

38:05 access by displaced populations to national

38:07 social protection systems and programs is,

38:09 is possible.

38:10 And I'll draw on a few examples from,

38:12 um,

38:13 from UNHCR work

38:14 in countries where this is happening and beyond the,

38:17 the,

38:18 the 3K studies of This project.

38:20 And uh you just spoke about these uh contextual factors and actors,

38:25 and in practice,

38:26 I think

38:27 the way that,

38:28 that government,

38:29 I think there are 3 factors that I see as standing out as particularly important.

38:35 Uh,

38:35 the first one obviously,

38:36 and it,

38:37 it,

38:37 it,

38:37 it came up also in your

38:39 presentation is the maturity of the social protection system

38:42 and

38:43 There are

38:44 various categorizations there,

38:46 but I think

38:47 what is important to know is that that determines

38:50 what entry points are there and what programs we can,

38:53 we can look at for inclusion.

38:55 A second important factor is,

38:57 of course,

38:57 the population group,

38:59 the,

38:59 the legal status,

39:00 as of course,

39:01 if we're looking at refugees as non-nationals,

39:04 they will have

39:05 Different access to rights as opposed to,

39:07 for example,

39:08 internally displaced populations or,

39:10 or,

39:10 or returnees.

39:12 And the third and most important factor I would mention here

39:16 uh is the displacement cycle.

39:18 So

39:19 the,

39:19 the con,

39:20 you may have context of emergency and you know,

39:23 the Ukraine situation is the,

39:24 is the,

39:25 is one that,

39:26 that,

39:26 or,

39:26 or Sudan

39:27 uh is what are.

39:28 Few examples,

39:29 but you can have uh protracted displacement contexts,

39:33 which are actually the large majority

39:36 of contexts for,

39:36 for refugees that I think more than 70% according to the latest data

39:42 of refugees have been displaced for

39:45 a long time

39:47 and uh and so that's actually the focus

39:50 of our work and the third.

39:53 type of displacement

39:55 setting is uh when we actually look for durable solutions,

39:59 and that's actually the hard,

40:01 the hard part

40:02 and the minority of,

40:03 um,

40:03 of cases.

40:05 Based on these factors,

40:06 I would say when we formulate a country strategy,

40:10 um,

40:10 we see three main ways to engage with the social protection system.

40:14 One is the alignment,

40:16 as you,

40:16 as you mentioned,

40:17 between the humanitarian assistance and social protection programs

40:21 to facilitate

40:22 Transition in the future.

40:25 A second one is to adapt

40:27 uh government social protection systems and programs for

40:30 inclusion and transition to a durable solution,

40:33 and this is really the long-term change that we want to see

40:36 and we want to achieve.

40:38 Uh,

40:38 a third one is leveraging uh,

40:40 a contingency plan and,

40:42 and shock responsive social protection mechanisms where this exists,

40:45 of course,

40:46 and this is a more of a short time,

40:49 short-term time-bound.

40:50 Type of change,

40:51 uh,

40:52 for

40:53 certain emergencies and one example is the COVID-19

40:56 uh scale-up of social protection

40:59 programs.

40:59 Um,

41:00 now,

41:00 uh,

41:00 I would like to give some concrete examples

41:03 as I know that I don't have a lot of time

41:05 and I think

41:06 oversimplifying here,

41:08 uh,

41:08 uh,

41:09 we could

41:09 broadly categorize,

41:11 uh,

41:11 two types of contexts.

41:13 We can have countries that are preparing for Inclusion.

41:17 So where we see entry points for inclusion,

41:19 but we also see

41:21 barriers,

41:21 either political,

41:23 economic,

41:24 or,

41:25 or technical barriers that we want to,

41:27 to work on.

41:28 And secondly,

41:29 countries that are already working on inclusion or

41:32 they have achieved also inclusion in certain

41:35 areas.

41:36 So,

41:36 firstly,

41:37 what um system building actions were undertaken

41:42 uh

41:43 to prepare inclusion and social protection.

41:46 So the most common approach,

41:47 of course,

41:47 uh,

41:48 is uh uh alignment between the humanitarian assistance and social protection,

41:52 and this is something that,

41:53 uh,

41:54 um,

41:55 you know,

41:55 we try to do,

41:56 uh,

41:56 uh,

41:57 almost uh as a default,

41:59 uh,

41:59 from,

41:59 from an early start of an emergency.

42:02 But if I have to mention an example,

42:04 uh,

42:05 a recent one is uh Moldova,

42:07 where,

42:07 um,

42:08 cash assistance,

42:09 Uh,

42:09 was really from,

42:11 from the early,

42:12 uh,

42:12 stage aligned to national social protection schemes

42:15 and the retargeting of cash um transfers was also in line

42:21 with the vulnerability criteria set up by the

42:23 Ministry of um uh Labor and Social Protection,

42:26 and all these happen in parallel with the technical assistance to,

42:30 uh,

42:31 to strengthen government services.

42:33 Um,

42:34 another,

42:35 uh,

42:35 system building action,

42:36 I think,

42:36 uh,

42:36 that is crucial,

42:38 uh,

42:38 to keep in mind is,

42:40 uh,

42:40 the need for a feasibility analysis of inclusion and,

42:43 uh,

42:43 and,

42:43 uh,

42:44 uh,

42:44 to develop an investment case

42:46 for inclusion

42:47 that informs advocacy,

42:49 uh,

42:49 towards policymakers as well as,

42:51 uh,

42:52 uh,

42:52 international,

42:53 uh,

42:53 donors.

42:54 And here I'll mention the example of Egypt where we are doing

42:57 a joint research project with UNICEF and other agencies

43:01 on the cost and benefits of including refugees,

43:04 and uh this has various components.

43:06 Uh,

43:07 I will not talk about them,

43:08 but it looks,

43:09 of course,

43:09 the legal frameworks at the costing

43:11 of including vulnerable refugees into the

43:14 Takaful and Karama social assistance program,

43:17 as well as social insurance and how do we finance all that.

43:22 Um,

43:22 a third very important system building action I,

43:25 I can,

43:26 I see is uh the need for strengthening socio-economic data analysis

43:30 and evidence on force displaced.

43:32 And here,

43:33 uh,

43:34 a very good,

43:34 um,

43:35 example,

43:36 uh,

43:36 is Libya,

43:37 where actually the,

43:39 the Joint Data Center supported a multi-agency socio-economics.

43:42 survey

43:43 that was looking at uh uh refugees

43:46 as well as uh uh migrants and IDPs in a sort of standard,

43:51 standardized way of looking at vulnerabilities,

43:54 uh,

43:54 so that,

43:55 uh,

43:55 that allowed a sort of more uh comprehensive

43:59 and interagency look at,

44:00 at inclusion in the social protection system.

44:04 Now,

44:04 moving on maybe to more advanced uh

44:07 uh context,

44:08 what are the technical programmatic adjustments

44:12 that were introduced to social protection delivery chains

44:15 to make them more inclusive?

44:17 Uh,

44:18 first and foremost,

44:19 I think,

44:19 uh,

44:20 the enrollment in social registries

44:22 is something that,

44:23 of course,

44:24 it's a precondition for inclusion,

44:26 and,

44:26 uh,

44:27 and

44:27 here there are various ways of,

44:29 uh,

44:30 uh,

44:31 dealing with this and with data management,

44:33 but,

44:33 uh,

44:34 there can be contexts where we do

44:36 data sharing,

44:37 uh,

44:37 agreements,

44:38 uh,

44:39 between,

44:39 um,

44:39 um,

44:40 humanitarian agencies and government or,

44:43 uh,

44:43 other entities.

44:44 It is implementing social protection programs,

44:46 uh,

44:47 or there can be joint targeting or parallel registration.

44:51 For example,

44:52 UNHCR in Mauritania is registering refugees,

44:55 and at the same time,

44:57 there is,

44:57 um,

44:58 um,

44:58 uh,

44:59 enrollment in the,

45:00 in the social registry.

45:02 Um,

45:02 of course,

45:03 in many instances,

45:04 we need to work on outreach campaigns

45:07 to raise awareness about the fact that

45:10 if

45:10 Refugees and other displaced have

45:13 the right to social protection

45:15 in,

45:15 in that specific,

45:16 uh,

45:16 and have access in that specific context,

45:18 and,

45:19 and I remember in Morocco,

45:21 we did a lot of work on that and several workshops to really raise awareness

45:25 among refugees themselves,

45:27 amongst uh social

45:29 protection agencies,

45:30 especially at the local level,

45:32 uh,

45:32 that may not even be aware that there is an actual law that says that.

45:37 Um,

45:38 thirdly,

45:39 and,

45:39 and this is,

45:39 uh,

45:40 the most complicated one,

45:41 is the need for adapting and strengthening,

45:44 uh,

45:44 the design and implementation of social protection programs,

45:47 and as Christie was saying,

45:49 really to tailor them

45:50 to what are the needs and the capacities of displaced populations.

45:54 And,

45:54 and last but not least,

45:56 uh,

45:57 the need for monitoring the impact

45:59 of inclusion

46:00 on refuge.

46:02 And,

46:02 and really here is the,

46:03 is the issue of the parity gap

46:06 that usually exists between the humanitarian standards

46:09 and the social protection

46:11 transfer values in many

46:14 less developed countries,

46:16 and this really the purpose of this is also to inform a very

46:20 complicated,

46:21 I would say political decisions around

46:23 the duplication and around the retargeting.

46:26 Um,

46:27 so,

46:28 to close here with a few examples,

46:30 uh,

46:31 uh,

46:31 I mean,

46:31 in middle-income countries,

46:33 uh,

46:33 this is happening quite

46:35 relatively smoothly,

46:37 I would say.

46:37 In Brazil,

46:38 we have Venezuelans that are in,

46:41 uh,

46:41 uh,

46:42 reception centers receiving,

46:44 for example,

46:44 UNHCR,

46:45 um,

46:46 uh,

46:46 cash-based interventions,

46:48 and they are at the same time,

46:50 Supported to enroll in the Cadastro UNIC or the social registry,

46:54 and

46:55 within 3 to 6 months,

46:57 they're actually able,

46:58 if eligible,

46:58 of course,

46:59 to access social assistance,

47:01 uh,

47:02 which is nationally funded,

47:03 and we have over

47:04 135,000 Venezuelans that

47:07 are actually receiving,

47:08 uh,

47:09 uh,

47:09 Bolsa familia cash transfers as well as the,

47:11 uh,

47:12 beneficiary,

47:12 the Presasau Continua.

47:15 This can happen also in low-income countries.

47:17 So we have the Mauritania

47:19 example where 7000 camp refugees,

47:23 households,

47:24 they receive Tekavul social assistance program

47:26 and they're also enrolled in the social registry and therefore eligible

47:31 to shock responsive social protection cash top-ups.

47:34 Uh,

47:34 this is not

47:35 nationally funded.

47:36 Uh,

47:36 we are working on,

47:37 on increasing the,

47:38 the fiscal appropriation by the government,

47:40 but it's mostly World Bank funded.

47:42 And,

47:43 uh,

47:43 last but not least,

47:44 uh,

47:45 I'll close here.

47:45 Also Iraq is a very interesting

47:48 example where um IDPs and returnees were included

47:52 in the Kurdish um uh social,

47:55 social safety net programs,

47:56 or social assistance,

47:58 and the government is now committed to

48:01 assess

48:02 180,000 IDPs

48:05 uh to the,

48:06 to also.

48:06 Enroll those and we're also working on the unified social registry

48:12 along with other UN agencies.

48:14 So

48:15 yeah,

48:15 I think my time is up.

48:17 Yeah,

48:17 time is up sadly,

48:18 but that was fantastic.

48:19 Thank you,

48:20 Matthia,

48:20 and I'm going to,

48:21 I'm sure we can pick up some of that,

48:23 some questions on it and more details later,

48:26 but

48:26 I'm going to hand right over to Jessica,

48:28 who's going to dive into some of the lessons.

48:30 Thanks.

48:32 Great.

48:33 Thank you.

48:34 And yeah,

48:34 thank you,

48:34 Matthia for that treasure chest of examples and I think um some of,

48:39 we,

48:40 we also found some of the same

48:42 points in our research that's also very reassuring.

48:45 Um,

48:46 so I'm going to bring us back to our research now and um we'll draw

48:51 out some key overarching lessons for linking

48:55 with social protection systems in displacement responses.

48:59 Um,

49:00 so we have 5 key lessons,

49:02 um,

49:03 and I'm going to tell you what the 5 lessons are and then follow up with,

49:07 um,

49:08 a concrete example or some data to illustrate the lessons.

49:12 Um,

49:13 so,

49:14 um,

49:15 so the first lesson is,

49:17 uh,

49:18 it relates to effective,

49:20 effectiveness in meeting

49:21 the needs of displacement-affected populations.

49:25 Um,

49:26 so,

49:27 what we mean concretely,

49:28 um,

49:29 is the following.

49:29 So,

49:30 given that,

49:31 um,

49:31 given the losses that displaced households incurred

49:34 before and during their displacement,

49:37 we observed that they often have greater,

49:39 uh,

49:40 needs than the host population.

49:42 At the time of arrival,

49:45 and they will continue to have heightened needs for long periods of time thereafter

49:51 due to,

49:52 for example,

49:53 their more limited access to networks,

49:55 assets,

49:56 livelihood opportunities

49:58 and rights in the host context.

50:00 And what this means is that um adaptations to program design and delivery,

50:06 as well as additional support um will generally be needed

50:10 to effectively serve displaced people through social protection systems.

50:15 So that's basically,

50:16 um,

50:17 the tailoring point which both Christy and Matthia have already made.

50:23 Um,

50:24 so let's look at that in a bit more detail.

50:27 Um,

50:29 for example,

50:30 in relation to program design,

50:34 OK,

50:34 so,

50:36 um,

50:38 My computer is frozen.

50:40 OK.

50:41 OK,

50:42 there we go.

50:43 So,

50:43 um,

50:44 for example,

50:45 in relation to program design,

50:48 displaced,

50:49 um,

50:49 people's basic needs

50:51 may be neglected and also their well-being jeopardized if assistance for

50:55 them tries to align with the existing social protection system,

50:59 transfer amounts,

51:00 types,

51:01 or targeting criteria

51:03 without

51:04 considering um the unique.

51:05 Nature and higher level of their needs.

51:08 For example,

51:09 in Greece,

51:11 refugees were expected to receive tailored assistance

51:14 for 1 year after gaining their refugee status,

51:18 and at that point they could in principle,

51:21 apply for state assistance

51:23 through the standard social welfare system in place for the Greek population.

51:28 Um,

51:29 but the targeting criteria of most schemes focused only on those who had been

51:34 a legal resident of the country for at least 5 years,

51:38 and as such,

51:39 effectively excluded many refugees.

51:42 In addition,

51:43 the level and type of support

51:45 provided in social welfare programs

51:48 was unlikely to be sufficient for refugees

51:51 given their lower access to community support,

51:54 loans and savings,

51:56 their unique psychosocial needs,

51:59 and also integration challenges,

52:01 as well as language

52:03 barriers,

52:04 education barriers and social barriers

52:06 which hindered their access to decent work opportunities.

52:11 And we found that even where they were eligible for social welfare,

52:15 they made,

52:16 um,

52:16 they faced many practical barriers

52:19 to apply,

52:20 such as infeasible documentation

52:23 requirements.

52:24 And then this links to questions of delivery.

52:29 And here,

52:29 we found that

52:31 substantial adjustments are likely needed um

52:35 to social protection outreach,

52:37 registration,

52:38 eligibility determination,

52:41 um,

52:41 also benefits and service provision and accountability mechanisms

52:46 if those mechanisms are to support displaced people effectively.

52:51 So,

52:52 for example,

52:53 in Colombia,

52:54 the criteria to be included in the social registry

52:58 were adjusted to enable Venezuelans to register,

53:01 and the government partnered with humanitarian agencies

53:06 to increase these registration rates.

53:09 Um,

53:09 and

53:10 this resulted in quite a high level of registration of Venezuelans,

53:15 um,

53:16 in,

53:16 in,

53:17 um,

53:17 our sample.

53:19 So we saw that,

53:20 for example,

53:20 44 of Venezuelans

53:22 had registered and this was,

53:24 um,

53:24 quite high,

53:26 um,

53:26 probably more than we expected,

53:28 um,

53:28 compared to 83% of hosts and 91%

53:32 of IDPs.

53:35 Um,

53:35 but as you can see,

53:37 um,

53:37 from the,

53:39 um,

53:40 larger red,

53:41 um,

53:42 blocks on the right-hand side

53:44 graph,

53:45 um,

53:45 Venezuelans were still significantly more likely to find it difficult to register

53:52 in the system compared to Colombians.

53:54 Um,

53:55 so Colombians are hosts in the top line.

53:59 And this indicates the extent of

54:01 proactive efforts and adjustments which are needed

54:05 to ensure displaced populations can be

54:07 well served through social protection systems.

54:12 OK,

54:13 so our next,

54:14 um,

54:15 key message is

54:17 hosts also often lack access to effective assessment systems.

54:22 And our key lesson here is around

54:24 um social cohesion.

54:26 We found that in many displacement

54:29 contexts,

54:30 um,

54:30 vulnerable host con um communities

54:33 also often lacked access to effective assistance

54:36 due to underdeveloped or underperforming

54:39 social protection systems.

54:41 And this was also something

54:42 a few of you put in the chat actually during the earlier exercise.

54:47 And,

54:47 um,

54:48 this then

54:49 can lead to concerns around um social cohesion

54:53 because assistance in the displacement response is being provided

54:59 while hosts are actually not receiving proper social protection provisions.

55:04 However,

55:06 we found that where those concerns with social cohesion arise,

55:11 the focus should be on improving the adequacy of provision for the host community

55:17 rather than reducing or aligning the provision for displaced people.

55:23 And I'll illustrate that again with some examples.

55:29 Um,

55:30 so,

55:31 where tensions exist around um assistance to displaced people,

55:36 they're rarely caused by the assistance itself.

55:39 We found that they're typically a symptom of existing social content,

55:44 discontent within the host community

55:47 related to perceived institutional neglect of their needs

55:52 and less related to the support which refugees are receiving.

55:57 Um,

55:58 sorry,

55:58 if you just click the,

55:59 I think it might not have loaded.

56:01 Oh there we go.

56:02 OK,

56:02 great,

56:03 yeah,

56:04 um,

56:05 so,

56:06 um,

56:06 the recommended action,

56:08 um,

56:09 we have here would be to focus on

56:11 promoting better attention,

56:13 um,

56:14 to host socioeconomic concerns

56:16 rather than,

56:17 um,

56:17 producing inadequate support for hosts and displaced communities alike.

56:24 Um,

56:24 and I'll illustrate this with an example from Cameroon.

56:28 For example,

56:29 in Cameroon,

56:30 we found that locals often had little idea

56:34 how much assistance displaced people were getting,

56:37 and they were frequently in favor of them receiving

56:40 targeted support.

56:42 And in part that was because of indirect benefits it brought to the local economy.

56:48 So here in our quantitative research,

56:50 that's what this regression table is showing.

56:53 Um,

56:54 we,

56:54 respondents were asked,

56:56 um,

56:56 who should receive support.

56:59 Um,

57:00 and they were specifically asked,

57:02 should the vulnerable household of the other community receive,

57:06 um,

57:07 support?

57:08 So hosts were asked about refugees and were asked,

57:10 should refugees receive support.

57:13 Refugees were asked,

57:14 um,

57:15 about hosts and so on.

57:17 Um,

57:18 and,

57:19 um,

57:20 in the quantitative research,

57:22 when asked who should receive some support,

57:25 refugees were significantly

57:28 less likely,

57:29 um,

57:30 than host to say that

57:32 vulnerable communi vulnerable,

57:34 vulnerable members of the host community

57:37 should receive some support.

57:39 Um,

57:40 and that means that hosts,

57:42 on the other hand,

57:43 were significantly more likely

57:45 to be in support of,

57:47 um,

57:49 vulnerable refugees receiving,

57:52 um,

57:53 receiving more support.

57:56 Um,

57:57 and

57:59 Now,

58:00 I'll add a bit more detail to,

58:02 to that regression table.

58:03 Um,

58:04 this was

58:06 true,

58:07 um,

58:08 even though

58:10 host respondents

58:11 were actually already significantly more likely

58:15 to believe that vulnerable households in

58:18 the other community

58:20 already received more support

58:22 than vulnerable households in their own,

58:24 um,

58:25 community.

58:27 So hosts already

58:28 Believed that refugees do receive more,

58:32 but still

58:33 they thought that refugees should continue getting more.

58:38 Um,

58:39 and overall,

58:40 the Cameroon case study suggested that

58:43 where the host population had frustrations,

58:46 this was generally because they wanted more attention to their own unmet needs,

58:52 um,

58:52 but not less attention

58:55 to the displaced.

59:00 OK.

59:03 Um,

59:04 so we did find that social tensions may well be

59:09 exacerbated if assistance to displaced people

59:13 is perceived to be

59:15 directly diverting state resources away from vulnerable citizens,

59:20 and this is what began to emerge in Colombia.

59:24 As the progressive state-led support for Venezuelans

59:29 started to provoke tensions,

59:31 given acute levels of high inequality,

59:34 widespread um social discontent in the host population,

59:39 also high ongoing needs of IDPs.

59:43 And at least,

59:44 um,

59:45 initially,

59:46 uh,

59:46 lack of international assistance

59:49 for a middle-income country that was experiencing one of the top

59:54 3 refugee influxes globally.

59:58 And the implication for,

59:59 um,

1:00:00 for that is then that um additional financing

1:00:04 from the international community is key

1:00:07 in line with commitments to global uh

1:00:11 global responsibility sharing for

1:00:13 displacement challenges.

1:00:15 And this is also something we'll come back to.

1:00:19 And then finally,

1:00:20 it is often the

1:00:22 perceptions

1:00:24 about um

1:00:26 assistance that may influence cohesion,

1:00:29 and these perceptions can often differ from

1:00:32 the actual assistance arrangements in place.

1:00:36 Um,

1:00:37 coming back to Greece,

1:00:38 um,

1:00:39 for example,

1:00:39 in Greece,

1:00:40 assistance for asylum seekers

1:00:43 came from humanitarian agencies at the time of our research,

1:00:47 and it was internationally funded.

1:00:50 Yet locals often associated it with the state

1:00:54 and assumed it was state funded,

1:00:56 um,

1:00:57 leading

1:00:57 to some resentment about the drain on state resources.

1:01:02 Um,

1:01:03 so,

1:01:04 again,

1:01:04 um,

1:01:05 there's a clear implication from that.

1:01:07 Um,

1:01:07 this suggests that a careful and coherent

1:01:11 communication strategy is vital

1:01:13 to maximize the benefits and to minimize the risk

1:01:17 and practice of whatever approach is perceived to be

1:01:20 optimal on paper.

1:01:24 OK,

1:01:25 so our um

1:01:28 Third,

1:01:28 um,

1:01:29 finding is to consider.

1:01:32 Linkages in terms of effects on,

1:01:35 on outcomes.

1:01:37 Um,

1:01:38 and humanitarian assist,

1:01:41 what we found here is that humanitarian assistance,

1:01:44 um,

1:01:46 Shouldn't just link um into systems,

1:01:49 just into state systems just for the sake of linking,

1:01:53 um,

1:01:54 but should only do so

1:01:56 where it actually

1:01:57 where it actually results in better outcomes for people and needs.

1:02:01 And,

1:02:02 um,

1:02:05 Sorry,

1:02:06 um,

1:02:09 Actually,

1:02:10 shouldn't have clicked yet.

1:02:12 Um,

1:02:12 and where this is the case,

1:02:14 linkages should be made in a way,

1:02:17 um,

1:02:17 that helps to

1:02:18 build and also strengthen,

1:02:20 um,

1:02:21 state systems.

1:02:22 And that's also a point that I think Mattia made very clearly.

1:02:26 So,

1:02:27 again,

1:02:27 um,

1:02:28 Colombia is a good example of this,

1:02:31 and,

1:02:32 um,

1:02:33 Their collaboration between humanitarian

1:02:36 agencies and the government on the Venezuelan response was

1:02:40 designed to try to work as closely as possible

1:02:43 with state systems,

1:02:45 including a sort,

1:02:46 a shock responsive social protection pilot

1:02:49 in Arauca,

1:02:50 which aimed to use

1:02:52 the SISEN.

1:02:53 Social registry which we've already heard about,

1:02:55 um,

1:02:56 to identify and pay cash transfers to around

1:02:59 6000 Venezuelans and,

1:03:02 and over

1:03:03 11,000 Colombian households

1:03:05 to complement um the state's

1:03:08 COVID-19 response.

1:03:11 Um,

1:03:12 so that was the target and you can see the actual on the right-hand side of the graph.

1:03:16 Um,

1:03:17 but because so few Venezuelans were actually registered in,

1:03:22 in the system and also because so many had invalid phone number.

1:03:26 and addresses registered on state databases.

1:03:30 The number of Venezuelans

1:03:32 ultimately included in the pilot was only 6.5%

1:03:37 of the original target or around 350 households.

1:03:42 So that shows some of the challenges of

1:03:44 using state systems to support displaced populations,

1:03:48 but

1:03:49 it's also a good example

1:03:51 of how humanitarian social protection collaboration can be developed in a way

1:03:56 that strengthens the social protection system for all.

1:03:59 Because since that initial pilot,

1:04:02 WFP has been working with the government on a major drive

1:04:06 to expand and update um

1:04:09 households entries in the system,

1:04:12 including for Venezuelan,

1:04:13 and you can see that they have in the meantime,

1:04:16 registered a half a million more people in the,

1:04:20 in the system.

1:04:25 OK,

1:04:26 so moving on to

1:04:28 Our 4th finding.

1:04:30 This relates to international finding,

1:04:32 which we've touched upon briefly.

1:04:35 Um,

1:04:36 so our fourth lesson is that international funding

1:04:39 will still generally still be required in countries

1:04:43 which

1:04:44 bear a disproportionate displacement burden.

1:04:48 Even um when displaced people

1:04:51 are included in state social protection systems.

1:04:55 So,

1:04:56 of course,

1:04:57 social protection systems may offer value for money,

1:05:00 um,

1:05:00 but they should not be used as a way for the international community

1:05:05 to ignore the needs of crisis-affected people

1:05:08 or to neglect

1:05:09 commitments to global burden and responsibility sharing

1:05:13 such as

1:05:14 those made in the 1951 refugees convention or on the Global Compact for refugees.

1:05:21 And this is especially important since,

1:05:24 as I'm sure

1:05:26 you're all aware,

1:05:27 low and middle-income countries host a disproportionate burden.

1:05:31 Um,

1:05:32 um,

1:05:32 so they host,

1:05:34 um,

1:05:34 a disproportionate share of the global refugee population.

1:05:38 And that heightens the need for high-income countries

1:05:42 to substantially increase

1:05:44 the numbers they host themselves,

1:05:46 and if not that,

1:05:48 then substantially increase the financial support they provide

1:05:52 to host countries.

1:05:55 Um,

1:06:00 OK,

1:06:01 so,

1:06:02 we see that often,

1:06:04 um,

1:06:05 host con,

1:06:06 we see that's often not the case,

1:06:08 and we see that

1:06:11 far too often host countries are disproportionately

1:06:13 Um,

1:06:14 left to bear the burden of the displacement responses,

1:06:18 and this can hinder or undermine the potential for progressive,

1:06:23 for progressive state response for the displacement,

1:06:26 um,

1:06:27 situation

1:06:27 as in Colombia,

1:06:29 which received

1:06:30 relatively little initial support,

1:06:33 um,

1:06:33 for its Venezuelan,

1:06:35 um,

1:06:36 response.

1:06:37 So you can see here that um

1:06:40 even though the Venezuelan crisis was one of the largest displacement crises

1:06:45 in the world,

1:06:45 um,

1:06:46 you can see in this graph here that

1:06:49 um 5 years into the crisis,

1:06:51 um,

1:06:52 and this was at the time when we started our project,

1:06:55 international funding was much lower for the Venezuelan response

1:06:59 relative to other major displacement crises.

1:07:04 And most of the cost,

1:07:06 um,

1:07:06 of the Venezuelan response was therefore falling on

1:07:10 host countries

1:07:11 themselves and uh on Colombia in particular,

1:07:15 as it was the main destination for displaced Venezuelans.

1:07:20 And that um put a heavy strain on the state budget and,

1:07:25 and its systems given that Colombia is still a middle-income country

1:07:29 with many existing socio-economic challenges,

1:07:33 including a social protection system

1:07:35 that only covers half of the national population

1:07:38 and only around 1/3 of vulnerable households,

1:07:42 so.

1:07:43 Um,

1:07:45 yeah,

1:07:45 50,

1:07:46 52% of the national population and

1:07:48 a third of,

1:07:49 um,

1:07:50 vulnerable households.

1:07:55 So I am.

1:07:59 Um,

1:08:01 sorry,

1:08:02 um.

1:08:05 Lost track where I am.

1:08:07 Uh

1:08:09 Apologies.

1:08:14 OK.

1:08:15 Um,

1:08:15 so,

1:08:15 having said that,

1:08:16 in relation to financing,

1:08:18 we also noted that well-designed international funding

1:08:22 can play an important role in helping to incentivize,

1:08:26 um,

1:08:27 effective collaboration

1:08:28 between

1:08:29 social protection and humanitarian actors

1:08:32 and greater inclusion of displaced people in state systems.

1:08:36 For example,

1:08:37 in many of the countries hosting

1:08:39 displaced displaced populations in sub-Saharan Africa,

1:08:43 Displaced households are

1:08:45 being included for the first time in state social assistance

1:08:50 in a gradual expansion of um.

1:08:54 Those countries' nascent social safety net programs,

1:08:57 and that is a direct outcome

1:08:59 of the conditions of IDA funding

1:09:03 that they received through the World Bank's

1:09:05 window for host communities and refugees.

1:09:09 And,

1:09:09 um,

1:09:10 you can see a number of these countries,

1:09:12 um,

1:09:13 on the graph on the right.

1:09:16 Um,

1:09:17 however,

1:09:17 it should

1:09:18 still be recognized that it takes many years to scale up social protection programs

1:09:23 and to build systems.

1:09:25 And it may be possible within the lifespan

1:09:29 of a five-year project to include all current refugees

1:09:33 in a social registry.

1:09:35 Um,

1:09:36 so that's what you can see in those blue bars.

1:09:39 And that's the

1:09:41 share of refugees,

1:09:42 which are included in,

1:09:43 in social registry,

1:09:44 so there's some great progress made on that.

1:09:47 Um,

1:09:48 but the proportion of refugees projected to actually receive

1:09:52 benefits

1:09:53 through World Bank funded projects.

1:09:55 So that's the,

1:09:57 um,

1:09:57 orange or the gray or the yellow bars which represent different interventions.

1:10:03 This proportion was never more than half of refugees

1:10:07 and was in fact often less than 20%.

1:10:12 Um,

1:10:12 so our key takeaway here is that caution is needed regarding

1:10:17 the role that these social protection programs can play

1:10:20 in

1:10:21 entirely replacing humanitarian program

1:10:24 in the short and medium term.

1:10:28 And,

1:10:28 um,

1:10:29 this then links to our final lesson,

1:10:32 which is that regardless of the precise linkages

1:10:36 currently being adopted between systems in a given context,

1:10:40 there's a clear case to be made for

1:10:43 greater transparency and collaboration

1:10:46 within,

1:10:47 as well as between

1:10:49 um humanitarian and social protection systems.

1:10:52 Of course,

1:10:53 there will be some exceptional circumstances where openness and collaboration

1:10:58 might be truly off limits.

1:11:00 So,

1:11:00 for example,

1:11:01 where engaging with the state

1:11:03 might legitimize actions that violate international humanitarian or

1:11:08 humanitarian rights law,

1:11:10 or where the state is hostile or complicit.

1:11:13 Or where humanitarian principles of neutrality,

1:11:17 independence,

1:11:18 or impartiality might be threatened

1:11:20 in the type of collaboration that's being considered.

1:11:23 And it was really interesting to see that many of you actually

1:11:27 put these factors into the chat when considering the type of linkages.

1:11:32 Um,

1:11:33 but in general,

1:11:34 um,

1:11:35 broad efforts to promote collaboration among the many different

1:11:39 state and international actors involved in

1:11:42 social protection and the displacement response

1:11:45 is likely to be both beneficial in its own right,

1:11:49 but it's also a really important precondition

1:11:52 for meaningful

1:11:53 future linkages between the systems.

1:11:57 Um,

1:11:58 and

1:11:59 yes,

1:11:59 can I suggest

1:12:00 that,

1:12:01 um,

1:12:01 that we keep the Cameroon example for if we have time in Q&A just to make sure that we,

1:12:06 um,

1:12:07 have enough

1:12:07 time for,

1:12:08 for loose,

1:12:09 uh,

1:12:10 perfect,

1:12:10 sorry

1:12:13 to jump in there,

1:12:14 but,

1:12:14 um,

1:12:16 um,

1:12:16 so.

1:12:16 So,

1:12:17 now we've heard some overarching lessons from our project,

1:12:21 so we'd like to again zoom in into one of the case studies.

1:12:25 Um,

1:12:25 and for this,

1:12:25 I'd like to invite,

1:12:27 um,

1:12:28 Stella,

1:12:28 uh,

1:12:29 I mean,

1:12:29 sorry,

1:12:29 Luz Stella Rodriguez,

1:12:31 um,

1:12:32 from the World Bank to discuss,

1:12:33 um,

1:12:34 some of the lessons for Colombia in particular.

1:12:36 Um,

1:12:37 and as we've already heard,

1:12:38 linkages between the displacement response and the social

1:12:41 protection systems are amongst the most advanced.

1:12:44 So,

1:12:44 we look forward to hearing from you.

1:12:47 Um,

1:12:48 Luz,

1:12:48 you don't have slides,

1:12:49 I think,

1:12:50 so we're just going to,

1:12:51 um,

1:12:53 Look at,

1:12:54 um,

1:12:54 you talking,

1:12:54 which will be great,

1:12:55 thank you.

1:12:57 Thank you so much,

1:12:58 er,

1:12:58 Jessica and Chrissy for the invitation.

1:13:01 It's been a very interesting

1:13:04 session.

1:13:05 Uh,

1:13:06 OK,

1:13:06 so,

1:13:06 as you may know,

1:13:07 Colombia has a relatively long tradition of social protection programs

1:13:11 that are mainly targeted to the poor and vulnerable.

1:13:15 Uh,

1:13:15 these policies and programs have been adapting to respond to humanitarian crisis.

1:13:20 Uh,

1:13:20 in the last three decades,

1:13:22 the The country has been progressively implementing strategies to respond first

1:13:27 uh to the needs of the internally displaced population that has been

1:13:32 um

1:13:33 uh the result of the,

1:13:35 of the internal conflict

1:13:37 and more recently,

1:13:38 say since 2015,

1:13:41 uh,

1:13:41 the country has been responding to the Venezuelan

1:13:44 migrant exodus in a more sustainable way.

1:13:48 Regarding the,

1:13:50 the response to the internally displaced population,

1:13:54 er,

1:13:54 you may know that uh after the er Constitutional Court orders

1:14:00 and the development of the Victims Law,

1:14:03 er,

1:14:03 the country was,

1:14:04 um,

1:14:06 I mean,

1:14:06 the government was um

1:14:08 mandated to have a more coherent and a more um

1:14:12 er substantial and robust response to the

1:14:15 situation of the internal displaced population.

1:14:18 Uh,

1:14:18 and,

1:14:19 and therefore,

1:14:20 er,

1:14:20 the government started to er

1:14:23 progressively align the targeting,

1:14:25 design,

1:14:26 and delivery mechanisms

1:14:27 of social protection er to provide

1:14:30 domestic er humanitarian

1:14:32 assistance to the IDPs.

1:14:35 Um,

1:14:36 this included,

1:14:37 for example,

1:14:38 the development of,

1:14:39 uh,

1:14:39 or not the development but the delivery of social assistance cash transfers

1:14:44 er to IDPs,

1:14:46 er,

1:14:46 to the,

1:14:47 er,

1:14:47 also the increment of the,

1:14:49 the increase of uh of budget er

1:14:53 for,

1:14:53 er,

1:14:54 for the response of IDPs and also

1:14:57 er like more er coordination between different agencies er.

1:15:01 That are er responsible for their response er to this

1:15:05 um

1:15:06 complex situation.

1:15:07 However,

1:15:08 as of,

1:15:08 er,

1:15:08 as of now,

1:15:09 er both systems uh the system to respond to the victims of the IDPs

1:15:15 and the Social Protection systems are,

1:15:17 are separate,

1:15:18 uh,

1:15:18 although they are more connected,

1:15:20 they still have some,

1:15:22 some challenges

1:15:23 to coordinate completely.

1:15:24 So this is like still a pending task for the government.

1:15:28 And now talking about the response to the

1:15:31 To the migration,

1:15:33 uh,

1:15:33 the influx of,

1:15:35 um,

1:15:35 of Venezuelans.

1:15:36 Uh,

1:15:37 you may know that Colombia has around 2.5 million,

1:15:41 between 2.5 and 2.7 million Venezuelans in,

1:15:44 in the country.

1:15:45 At the beginning,

1:15:46 the government really didn't know,

1:15:47 er,

1:15:48 what,

1:15:48 I mean,

1:15:49 what to do and how to respond,

1:15:51 er,

1:15:51 to this shock.

1:15:52 Um,

1:15:53 they,

1:15:54 er rely at the beginning in,

1:15:55 in,

1:15:56 in a humanitarian and er NGOs and external

1:16:01 er support,

1:16:02 but the,

1:16:03 but slowly started to er

1:16:06 really er connect

1:16:08 er the,

1:16:10 the

1:16:11 The response er from the,

1:16:13 from the government side.

1:16:14 er and the government er

1:16:17 organized uh like a unit called the Gerencia de Fronteras,

1:16:21 the,

1:16:21 the border management unit

1:16:24 who started to coordinate a multi-sectoral response to the crisis,

1:16:28 trying to provide

1:16:29 a,

1:16:30 a Education,

1:16:31 health,

1:16:31 social protection,

1:16:33 housing er to,

1:16:34 to the migrants

1:16:36 and the social protection has been adapting

1:16:39 er rapidly to,

1:16:41 to respond to this influx of,

1:16:44 of migrants,

1:16:45 er,

1:16:45 and as I'm,

1:16:46 as it was mentioned before by Jessica and.

1:16:49 Andreasy,

1:16:51 um,

1:16:51 for example,

1:16:52 they,

1:16:53 uh,

1:16:53 work in the harmonization of mechanisms to allow the entrance

1:16:58 of the,

1:16:58 of migrants in the,

1:17:00 in the social registry,

1:17:02 which is at the end,

1:17:03 the main door for the,

1:17:05 for accessing social protection services.

1:17:08 Also,

1:17:09 they,

1:17:09 they grant access to

1:17:11 uh,

1:17:11 social protection benefits,

1:17:13 namely cash transfers.

1:17:15 Also,

1:17:16 uh,

1:17:16 they,

1:17:17 uh,

1:17:17 align the size of the benefits

1:17:19 to make sure with,

1:17:20 uh,

1:17:21 with the benefits that are given to the nationals to make sure that,

1:17:25 uh,

1:17:25 this provision of benefits both to host communities

1:17:28 and to Venezuelans didn't create uh xenophobia.

1:17:33 Also,

1:17:33 um

1:17:35 The,

1:17:35 the government has been working actively in um how to reduce the,

1:17:41 the barriers for Venezuelans to access

1:17:44 er the financial

1:17:46 services er to promote financial inclusion.

1:17:49 Um,

1:17:50 the World Bank has

1:17:51 been working together with other development partners.

1:17:54 This is not only our work,

1:17:56 it's a,

1:17:56 it's a joint worker,

1:17:58 and we have been providing uh the government with the different types of,

1:18:03 of,

1:18:03 uh,

1:18:03 support.

1:18:04 Uh,

1:18:05 we have worked with them in,

1:18:07 in,

1:18:07 in,

1:18:07 like,

1:18:08 supporting analytical studies

1:18:10 er to,

1:18:11 to assess what is the economic effect of migration and the,

1:18:15 like the positive

1:18:16 side of migration,

1:18:17 er,

1:18:18 not only er like,

1:18:20 like,

1:18:20 uh,

1:18:21 assessing how much does it cost to respond to the influx,

1:18:24 but how much can the government benefit from migration.

1:18:28 Also,

1:18:29 er,

1:18:29 the government has working,

1:18:30 I mean,

1:18:31 we,

1:18:31 we have been working on providing technical assistance,

1:18:34 er,

1:18:34 on how,

1:18:35 how to customize the programs to address the migration

1:18:39 er crisis.

1:18:41 Also,

1:18:41 er,

1:18:42 we've been working on capacity building.

1:18:45 And,

1:18:46 uh,

1:18:46 to reduce,

1:18:47 uh,

1:18:47 xenophobia,

1:18:48 er,

1:18:49 in both agencies and communities.

1:18:52 Er,

1:18:52 together with the WFP we created a,

1:18:54 uh,

1:18:55 like a small cash transfer program,

1:18:57 er,

1:18:58 for migrant,

1:18:58 for Venezuelan migrants during COVID

1:19:01 and And also,

1:19:02 we've been uh doing a budget support to the government

1:19:05 for the implementation of a series of reforms

1:19:08 that include migrants as part of the social

1:19:11 and er social protection system and that gives like a

1:19:15 social and economic inclusion to migrants.

1:19:19 Although the response of the government has been very good and,

1:19:23 and like,

1:19:24 uh,

1:19:25 like has been

1:19:26 adapting the social protection systems to include migrants,

1:19:30 er,

1:19:30 there are still some challenges that it's important to,

1:19:33 to mention.

1:19:34 There are still political and fiscal barriers.

1:19:36 I mean,

1:19:36 the,

1:19:37 the government,

1:19:37 as,

1:19:38 as many other countries is,

1:19:39 is Financially,

1:19:41 financially

1:19:42 um constrained and not always get,

1:19:46 I mean,

1:19:46 it's difficult

1:19:47 to prioritize migrants over er vulnerable populations that are

1:19:51 local populations that are still um a a lot

1:19:55 uh and also the political transition and has been,

1:19:59 has been difficult to sustain the efforts.

1:20:02 Uh,

1:20:02 on the response to migrants.

1:20:04 Operational barriers still remain.

1:20:07 The,

1:20:07 the agencies are learning to how to,

1:20:09 to work with migrants and how to include their migrants,

1:20:12 how to make them

1:20:13 like er er eligible permanent users of their benefits

1:20:18 and also er the big issue of Colombia,

1:20:21 er coordination challenges,

1:20:23 how to

1:20:24 er

1:20:25 Create synergies and,

1:20:27 and how to better er work together between the

1:20:30 different agencies of the sta of the government.

1:20:33 Uh I think that uh just to close the,

1:20:36 the,

1:20:36 providing support to IDPs and migrants is,

1:20:38 is a,

1:20:39 a long-term project.

1:20:42 And,

1:20:42 and needs um institutional responses

1:20:46 er that er transcend er political I

1:20:49 mean governments and transcend political periods.

1:20:52 It,

1:20:52 it needs to be

1:20:54 er really

1:20:55 er buil built er from a,

1:20:57 from a,

1:20:58 a,

1:20:58 with a long-term.

1:20:59 Perspective.

1:21:00 Uh,

1:21:00 and this is a challenge for,

1:21:03 not only for Colombia and it's,

1:21:05 it's a,

1:21:05 it's a global challenge,

1:21:07 especially in the region where I work in Latin America.

1:21:09 Uh,

1:21:10 it's,

1:21:10 it's a huge challenge,

1:21:11 er,

1:21:12 there,

1:21:12 there is Latin America is literally a,

1:21:15 a region on the move

1:21:17 and therefore the social protection system needs to,

1:21:20 need to adapt

1:21:21 er to really include migrants as part of the,

1:21:25 of the social protection responses.

1:21:28 Thank you.

1:21:29 Thank you,

1:21:29 Luis,

1:21:30 for those um super interesting insights and giving very concrete,

1:21:35 um,

1:21:36 actually illustrations of our key messages.

1:21:39 Like,

1:21:39 for example,

1:21:39 I felt like you

1:21:40 perfectly illustrated that everyone needs to work to get more point,

1:21:44 um,

1:21:45 very well.

1:21:46 Um,

1:21:47 I also appreciate that you touched upon some other dimensions like

1:21:51 time frame,

1:21:52 but also the political economy aspects and the kind of evidence,

1:21:57 um,

1:21:58 that is actually useful to,

1:22:00 to,

1:22:00 um,

1:22:01 kind of chip away at the,

1:22:02 the edges of,

1:22:04 um,

1:22:04 kind of some political economy challenges.

1:22:06 So yeah,

1:22:06 it was very,

1:22:07 very interesting.

1:22:09 Um,

1:22:09 we only have about 5 minutes left,

1:22:12 um,

1:22:13 but I wanted to check if any of the audience had,

1:22:16 um,

1:22:17 some questions

1:22:18 or examples,

1:22:20 um,

1:22:20 they wanted to share from their work.

1:22:23 Um,

1:22:24 now's the time where you can just put your hand up or just open your microphone.

1:22:28 Yeah,

1:22:28 Valeria?

1:22:31 Please go ahead and speak.

1:22:32 Yes,

1:22:33 thank you very much for the floor.

1:22:35 Um,

1:22:36 I would like to ask,

1:22:38 um,

1:22:38 about,

1:22:39 uh,

1:22:39 what kind of strategies we can implement for long term solutions,

1:22:45 social

1:22:46 assistance solutions

1:22:48 when we have governments that when

1:22:50 they.

1:22:51 Take office they usually

1:22:53 erase everything

1:22:55 that the previous government has done

1:22:57 and it starts from scratch

1:23:00 and

1:23:01 that maybe the time frame is 4 years to redesign and implement

1:23:06 new strategies

1:23:08 before the new government takes office and

1:23:12 again erases everything and starts from scratch.

1:23:16 Thank you very much.

1:23:22 Great.

1:23:22 Um,

1:23:23 yeah,

1:23:23 that's a really,

1:23:25 really important question,

1:23:25 and I was in fact also thinking about that when,

1:23:28 when,

1:23:28 um,

1:23:28 Stella was talking that

1:23:30 kind of the time frame where we need to work on,

1:23:33 um,

1:23:35 to,

1:23:35 on this issue is,

1:23:36 is actually in complete contradiction to the time frames of,

1:23:40 of projects of governments.

1:23:43 Um,

1:23:44 or,

1:23:44 of,

1:23:45 yeah,

1:23:45 um,

1:23:46 contracts of people involved in this.

1:23:48 Um,

1:23:49 I wonder if,

1:23:50 um,

1:23:50 our operational colleagues could,

1:23:52 could share their reflections on this.

1:23:55 Um,

1:23:56 Matthia,

1:23:56 I so,

1:23:56 I don't want to put you on the spot,

1:23:57 but I saw you nodding,

1:23:59 so I thought that this is probably a challenge you come across in your,

1:24:02 um,

1:24:03 day to day work a lot.

1:24:06 Yeah,

1:24:06 absolutely.

1:24:06 It's a good question,

1:24:07 and I think we need to,

1:24:09 especially as a humanitarian operational agencies,

1:24:12 I think we need to put ourselves in a completely different time frame.

1:24:16 So we are not looking at uh

1:24:18 1 year,

1:24:18 we are looking at 5 years.

1:24:20 Uh,

1:24:21 we are also,

1:24:22 we need to be also very much aware

1:24:24 to not give the message that inclusion in social protection

1:24:28 means a solution.

1:24:30 So when we talk about solutions,

1:24:32 we need to look at durable solutions.

1:24:36 So social protection may be one element,

1:24:39 one factor that goes that way,

1:24:41 but we need to look at access to jobs

1:24:43 at the same time and access to

1:24:46 financial inclusion,

1:24:48 access to a form.

1:24:50 Employment as,

1:24:50 as a,

1:24:53 as a way to really

1:24:54 build also the self-reliance of displaced populations

1:24:58 uh and not just looking,

1:24:59 so social protection is,

1:25:01 is one,

1:25:01 we call it one of the pathways towards

1:25:05 a solution,

1:25:06 but it's not a solution per se,

1:25:07 so we need to be also very much aware of this.

1:25:11 Can I

1:25:11 jump in?

1:25:12 Go ahead,

1:25:12 please.

1:25:14 Thank you.

1:25:14 No,

1:25:14 I,

1:25:14 it's a very good question,

1:25:16 Valeria,

1:25:16 and I wish to have the response,

1:25:18 but

1:25:18 I think that this is,

1:25:20 is part of,

1:25:21 uh,

1:25:21 of our job is,

1:25:22 is to understand that,

1:25:24 um,

1:25:24 migration crises are gonna continue happening.

1:25:28 And that,

1:25:29 therefore,

1:25:29 we need to make uh migration part of our social protection system,

1:25:33 think,

1:25:33 I mean,

1:25:34 thinking social protection systems as a,

1:25:36 like,

1:25:36 as a compendium of different pillars that,

1:25:39 that is not only social assistance but also

1:25:43 access to jobs and also access to social insurance.

1:25:46 Uh,

1:25:47 so I think that if we,

1:25:49 for example,

1:25:50 um,

1:25:51 include migration,

1:25:52 uh,

1:25:52 in,

1:25:53 as one of the components of the,

1:25:55 our adaptive,

1:25:56 er,

1:25:56 social protection strategies,

1:25:58 this will start building er some sort of um

1:26:03 of uh institute uh I mean,

1:26:04 of,

1:26:05 uh,

1:26:05 of,

1:26:05 of more,

1:26:06 like a more robust,

1:26:08 um,

1:26:09 a,

1:26:09 a,

1:26:09 a more robust response that hopefully transcends a political periods.

1:26:14 Uh,

1:26:15 so,

1:26:15 I think that we need to,

1:26:16 to start building this,

1:26:17 this process,

1:26:18 I mean,

1:26:18 and this is,

1:26:19 this is our job at,

1:26:20 at the technical level in,

1:26:22 in both governments and international agencies.

1:26:27 Thank you,

1:26:28 um,

1:26:28 Luc and Mattia,

1:26:29 really insightful answers.

1:26:31 I think we only have time for one more question or comment,

1:26:35 and I see that,

1:26:36 um,

1:26:36 Khuled Mohammed has his hand up.

1:26:39 Yeah,

1:26:40 yes,

1:26:40 thank,

1:26:40 thank you very much.

1:26:41 I have uh just uh one very brief uh question

1:26:45 related on this,

1:26:46 uh,

1:26:46 uh,

1:26:47 this topic.

1:26:48 Uh,

1:26:48 we have a lot of different strategies,

1:26:51 different policies going on,

1:26:53 particularly in sub-Saharan Africa,

1:26:56 like the durable solution strategy,

1:26:58 the resilience strategy,

1:27:00 and now we,

1:27:01 we know,

1:27:01 as you mentioned it earlier,

1:27:03 uh,

1:27:03 the government is in the middle-income countries.

1:27:07 And

1:27:07 low income countries' capacities in terms of

1:27:10 financing is very tight and very difficult.

1:27:13 So how we can reconcile

1:27:16 all these strategies,

1:27:18 including the social protection system,

1:27:20 because

1:27:21 it needs to inject money to support the government system

1:27:25 because

1:27:26 the government is

1:27:27 responsible for the hostile community now is also shrinking,

1:27:32 particularly in many parts of Africa.

1:27:34 So how we can maybe this

1:27:36 social protection can also

1:27:38 reconcile the other

1:27:40 strategies and framework is that responding both

1:27:43 hosting community,

1:27:44 the refugees,

1:27:46 and also the IDBs.

1:27:47 Thank you.

1:27:50 Another,

1:27:50 um,

1:27:51 very challenging but important question.

1:27:53 Um,

1:27:54 other panelists,

1:27:55 feel free to come in and just unmute yourself,

1:27:58 um,

1:27:58 if,

1:27:59 if you'd like to

1:28:00 respond to that.

1:28:02 Um,

1:28:02 but I guess,

1:28:03 um,

1:28:04 yeah,

1:28:04 just a very quick reflection.

1:28:06 Definitely not a,

1:28:07 not a full answer from me is that,

1:28:10 um,

1:28:10 I think

1:28:11 one of the key takeaways,

1:28:13 um,

1:28:14 for me also from this project is that

1:28:17 There isn't

1:28:18 a,

1:28:18 a right answer or you can never meet all objectives or goals.

1:28:22 I think it's all about weighing up the trade-offs,

1:28:26 um,

1:28:26 and thinking about

1:28:28 the different policy objectives,

1:28:30 the different,

1:28:31 um,

1:28:32 population needs that you need to meet,

1:28:34 um,

1:28:35 financing constraints and all the other constraints,

1:28:38 and,

1:28:39 um,

1:28:40 Trying to,

1:28:41 to meet that balance as,

1:28:43 as,

1:28:43 um,

1:28:44 as well as possible,

1:28:46 give,

1:28:46 given all of these constraints,

1:28:48 and I think it's also

1:28:50 a bit related to

1:28:52 um the factors and actors,

1:28:54 um,

1:28:55 um,

1:28:56 framework that Christy was sharing at the beginning.

1:28:59 where you really have to think about the context and

1:29:03 think about the type of displacement or the political context or

1:29:08 um government systems and just try and figure out

1:29:12 where to

1:29:13 best land in,

1:29:14 in,

1:29:15 in the,

1:29:15 in the scheme of things.

1:29:16 But,

1:29:17 um,

1:29:18 yeah,

1:29:18 there's unfortunately never

1:29:20 a

1:29:21 a clear answer.

1:29:22 It's always very much a trade-off.

1:29:27 Um,

1:29:28 so,

1:29:29 I think we are now officially out of time,

1:29:32 and,

1:29:32 um,

1:29:32 it's been really great,

1:29:34 um,

1:29:35 that so many of you attended,

1:29:37 um,

1:29:37 on,

1:29:38 um,

1:29:38 to,

1:29:38 to,

1:29:39 to hear us talk about social protection.

1:29:41 And um I'm really grateful for our panelists,

1:29:45 um,

1:29:45 Matthia and Luz for their very

1:29:49 interesting contributions and also many thanks to

1:29:53 Domenico and Paula for setting up the training,

1:29:56 and of course,

1:29:56 um,

1:29:57 Christy.

1:29:58 Um,

1:29:59 Uh,

1:30:00 Domenico,

1:30:01 would you like me to share those final slides?

1:30:05 If you can,

1:30:06 yes,

1:30:06 please,

1:30:07 but um,

1:30:07 yeah,

1:30:09 thank you very much.

1:30:11 Maybe while you do the,

1:30:12 uh,

1:30:13 Jessica,

1:30:14 let me

1:30:15 take the opportunity to

1:30:17 signal that uh our colleague Deanie

1:30:19 is showing the same links in the,

1:30:23 in the,

1:30:23 the chat.

1:30:24 So

1:30:25 please do

1:30:26 uh use this link to provide us with feedback on this session.

1:30:30 And also there will be uh in the next slide,

1:30:33 there is the link and it's also In the chat,

1:30:35 the link to all the resources from today,

1:30:38 the,

1:30:38 the slides,

1:30:38 and there you will also find the,

1:30:40 the preparatory material and

1:30:43 eventually the recording of these,

1:30:45 of these,

1:30:46 of these session.

1:30:47 I also see that Christy is kindly put the

1:30:50 email addresses of our speakers today in the chat.

1:30:53 Should you have any further question,

1:30:54 would,

1:30:55 do you want to

1:30:56 keep this conversation alive?

1:30:58 Uh,

1:30:58 I'm left with,

1:30:59 uh,

1:31:00 thanking all of you for participating in this,

1:31:02 in this module.

1:31:03 Of course,

1:31:03 a special thanks to our,

1:31:05 our speaker,

1:31:06 Jessica,

1:31:07 Christy,

1:31:07 Matthia,

1:31:08 Luz.

1:31:08 Thank you very much.

1:31:10 It has been a very lively,

1:31:11 uh,

1:31:12 session,

1:31:13 and I,

1:31:14 uh,

1:31:14 you know,

1:31:15 um,

1:31:16 Thank you to all the,

1:31:17 the participants,

1:31:17 but also thanks to all those who worked behind the scene to make this,

1:31:21 this happen,

1:31:22 like Deanie,

1:31:23 Agnes,

1:31:24 uh,

1:31:24 Natalia,

1:31:25 and Catherine.

1:31:26 Uh thank you to all of you.

1:31:27 I hope I will see all of you next

1:31:30 week for the module on education on forced displacement.

1:31:33 Just a little reminder.

1:31:34 For those of you,

1:31:35 uh,

1:31:36 who are changing the time this coming week,

1:31:38 the module will be at

1:31:40 9:00 a.m. Eastern time.

1:31:41 So it will be 2:00 p.m. in Europe and in other countries,

1:31:44 not 3:00 p.m. like usual.

1:31:46 But you will get reminders of this,

1:31:48 uh,

1:31:49 next week.

1:31:50 Thank you all of you,

1:31:50 and I hope I'll see you next week.

1:31:53 Bye.

showAllTimestamps

no

transcript

Good afternoon to all of you from Copenhagen, or good morning, good evening, depending on where you are, and welcome to the 5th out of 8 module of the Learning from the Evidence of Force Displacement Training Program. This training is organized by the UK government, UNHCR, World Bank, building the evidence on for displacement Research Program in collaboration with the World Bank, UNICR Joint Data Center on Forced Displacement. My name is Domenico Tavaso. I'm a senior economist at the Joint Data Center. Today I'm joined by Christy Low from who's a regress associate at ODI and Jessica Hagen-Zunker, who's a senior research fellow also at ODI. Jessica and Christie will be leading this, this module, which focuses on social protection responses to forced displacement and in particular, more specifically focuses on how social protection humanitarian systems can work together to meet the needs of those affected by forced displacement. Well, the session, we will also have interventions from colleagues from UNHCR and the World Bank. We will introduce them later during the, during the module. Before we get started, I would just like to cover a couple of uh housekeeping rules. This meeting is being recorded. So, um, the recording will be posted online in the resource web uh page of the building evidence website. You are encouraged to keep your camera on throughout the duration of the module. It is always nice to see the faces of the people we are talking to throughout the module. But do please keep your mic off while not talking to, to, to the speakers. The module will last 90 minutes as usual, and there will be a Q&A session at the end. Uh, however, you're also encouraged to use the chat room to pose your question and make suggestions and comments to the speaker throughout the entire duration of, of this module. We'd like to always know who we're talking to. So if you can, we invite you to rename yourself with your name and affiliation in the, in the, in your Zoom room. Uh, you can do that by clicking on the three dots that appear at the top right hand corner of your, of your screen, and then selecting rename. Feel free to use the chat also to introduce yourself should you wish to do so to the other speakers, the panelists, and the, and the presenters. Um, welcome again to, to this module. I leave now the floor to Christy. I wish all of you an enjoyable module, and I'll see you at the very end of this session. Christy, over to you. Thank you. Great. Thanks so much, everyone, and sorry for the slight delay getting myself off mute there. Um, I am Christy Lowe, as Domenico mentioned. I'm a research associate at ODI, uh, and, uh, along with my colleague Jessica Hagenzanka, who is also co-hosting this session. We are really delighted to have you join us. Uh, the session will look at how social protection and humanitarian responses can work together to meet. The needs of those affected by displacement crises. And you'll note throughout the session that alongside reflections from you all and also from our excellent guest speakers, the session content draws quite heavily on the findings of an ODI-led research project that was completed between 2020 and 2022 as part of the Building the Evidence on forced displacement program. Uh, and we send our, our thanks to, uh, the, uh, funders of that program and, and those managing, uh, that multi-stakeholder partnership. Just to, uh, briefly give you a bit of detail on the research project, uh, it entailed a global evidence review and also global data analysis, as well as mixed methods primary data collection in 3 case study countries. And these sites were selected to provide. Different contexts of displacement and humanitarian response, and they were the IDP and Venezuelan responses both in Bogota and Cucuta in Colombia, uh, assistance for asylum seekers and refugees in Athens and Yanina in Greece, and also refugee and IDP responses in the far north and east regions of Cameroon. And in each of these countries we conducted a 1500 household survey as well as focus groups, in-depth interviews, and also key informant interviews with government, international, and civil society representatives, and that research was very much completed in partnership with several fantastic research organizations, namely CAS RT in Cameroon, the School of Government at Universidad de los Andes in Colombia, and the National Center for Social Research ECA in Greece. So, here you can see the agenda for today's session. Uh, we will be starting with a quick introductory exercise to hear about you and about your priorities for the session. Uh, we'll then have a brief recap on what social protection actually is, uh, through an interactive quiz, and that's especially because some of you are. Coming at this topic more from the humanitarian or displacement angle. And after that, we'll consider what it actually means to link with social protection and what might determine which approach to take in a given context. Uh, for that, we'll have some practitioner insights from Mattia Polviesi from UNHCR. And we'll then reflect on 5 overarching lessons from the project, uh, followed by insights on the Colombia experience from Luz Dela Rodriguez from the World Bank. And finally, we should have a bit of time at the end for Q&A, uh, but given that it is quite limited, feel free, as Domenico mentioned, to pop questions in the chat, and, and we'll try and answer them when we can. So, um, before, well, now we'll go right into actually the, uh, little introductory exercise that we have here. Um, we have lots of excellent participants on this call, and we would like to know who you are and really get a bit of a picture of that. So, we've set up a, um, uh, an interactive exercise using Mimter, um, which I hope that you can see on the screen now, um. Can you see the, the mentiter screen, or is it still sharing the? Yes. Yes. Great. OK. So, um, if you haven't used this, uh, platform before, it's very easy. You can either use your phone to scan the QR code there, uh, or you can just go to www.menti.com, and then you'll need to enter this 8 digit code, and that will basically bring you into the quiz that we have, uh, set up. It's not really the first part, it's not really a quiz. It's, it's an exercise. Um, I can see lots of thumbs up, which I think means that people are accessing it. Um, so, uh, I'll just give another couple seconds for people to, to find that page if you haven't already, and then we'll get started. OK. So, uh, just firstly, we would be very keen to hear where, uh, in the world you are working, and this is obviously helpful to understand the kinds of displacement contexts or social protection systems that you might be working with. So go ahead and just select, um, your region or, or multiple regions if you're, if you're working in more than one, and we can get an idea of where the audience is based. And moving all around there. Sub-Saharan Africa currently leading, and Europe and Central Asia, Middle East as well. I guess time zones will be playing a factor here too. But for those of those who are based in a time zone that wasn't so, um, easily served by this, we will have an e-learning version of this that people can access, you know, uh, not if they weren't able to join the live sessions. OK, great, so. Good to see, yep, Sub-Saharan Africa still, still leading there, but a nice variation, so we should be able to hear quite a range of examples from you. Uh, the, the next question then is, uh, to understand where, um, which organization you work with. Uh, so we've listed a few examples down there, but of course, if your organization isn't covered, you can select the other option. UNHCR and World Bank currently on level pegging there. Quite a lot of other as well. Um, if you want to, um, post in the Zoom chat and let us know the other organizations you're working with, would be interesting to hear as well, but we, we should also be able to tell from the, the Zoom, uh, signups at the end. Great. OK. Again, a very nice range of, uh, of organizations there, which is really good to see and will make for a very, uh, fruitful discussion, I think. Um, so then the final question in this set is maybe a little, requires a little bit more thought, but, uh, obviously, you've given up your very valuable time to join this session. So we would love to know what is something that you hope to get out of it, uh, today, for today's training session. So, go ahead and type in your responses, and then they should start popping up on the screen. That's a good one. Links between social protection and humanitarian responses. That is the, the, definitely the main focus, so it will be great to see there. A lot of difficulties to measure impact in social protection. Interesting. That's something we can hopefully discuss as well in the Q&A. Practical approaches, navigating political economy challenges, good practice examples, relevant data, uh, like understanding more ideas for collaboration. And non-duplication of efforts. These are all great responses and really, uh, I think in line, hopefully with what we have planned. So, uh, that's fantastic to see. Uh, I do think there might even be more pages of, uh, no, yeah. I think we can only see maybe a selection of the responses, but really good ones there. So thank you for those. Uh, and I'm now going to hand over to Jessica, who's going to dive right into the next, uh, part of the session, which is, um, kind of recapping what we're actually talking about when we refer to social protection. So over to you, Jessica. Thank you so much. Um, so, uh, we, we realized that not all of you were going to come from a social protection background. Um, some of you, um, have more of a humanitarian or displacement background. So we wanted to have, um, a quick overview of what social protection is and hopefully, it also serves as a useful recap of those who have worked in social protection before, um. The background reading, which you hopefully received, um, provided some insights on what social protection is. So instead of doing a a a lecture on this topic and presenting a set of slides, we thought it would be more fun to have an interactive quiz, and don't worry, there won't be any names on the screen, so we're just going to do this on Mentiter again. Um, so we're first going to start with some descriptions of social protection, and we're going to ask you for each of these, if these statements are true or false. So you should be getting them on Mentimter again, and then you can select true or false. Um, so the first one is, social protection refers to the system of policies and programs that protect people against poverty and risks to their livelihoods and well-being. Um, so we're having some true responses already. Um, I'll wait for a bit longer. Um, we've got 19 responses. Um, how many should I be expecting in total, Christy? Was it around 2025 you waited for generally? I, I think uh 20 is, yeah, 20. OK, it looks like it's increased. OK, um, so everyone has selected true, which is true. It's, um, this definition is taken from the, um, USP 2030, which is a global multi-stakeholder partnership, which was launched in launched in 2016 to bring together governments, international and regional organizations, as well as civil society organizations, social partners, and others all around the goal of achieving universal social protection. So let's move on to the next statement. Um, is, so social protection is a universal human right. OK. Got some truths already. One false. Um. 14 truths, definitely biased towards truths here. Um, OK, so, um, I'm going to stop here and tell you that it is true. Um, every person has the right to social protection. This is enshrined in Article 22 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It's also in Article 9 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and it's also included in several other international human rights, labor, and social security instruments. OK, um, final statement. Implementing nationally appropriate social protection systems is an explicit target in the SDGs. True or false. OK, so we've mostly got truths again. Um, 14s, now on 16. Yeah, great, um, and great job, uh, everybody. You can see how we've structured those questions, and yes, once again, this statement is true. Um, social protection actually features a couple of times in the 2030 agenda, um, but there are also some explicit targets around social protection, for example, Target 1.3, um, which is about nationally appropriate social protection systems. Great. Um, so we're now going to, um, talk about what social protection actually looks like in practice. Um, and on the Menttimeter page, you're going to get a list of different, um, interventions, and please tell us, um, which of these programs you think constitutes a form of social protection. Great. Um, great job, everybody. So there are 2 you're a bit less sure of. Those are public works programs and statutory maternity leave. Let's wait for a few more coming in. It's really fun actually watching, watching the bars change, um, and seeing your responses come in. They're all pretty even, to be honest, um, great. OK, we're now pretty much on 2, and we're above 20 for some of them. OK, good. Um, so, the answer is that actually, all of these can be, um, classified as examples of social protection. Um, and I'm now going to explain why such a diverse range of programs are all social protection. So we're going to leave Mentimter for now. Um, and we'll come back again briefly for another exercise later, um, but yeah, we're back, back in PowerPoint now. Um, so, as you saw just now in our mini quiz and also in the pre-training, social protection is a really broad term, which covers many different types of programs. And, um, these include a range of contributory schemes. Um, Um, which, um, such as social insurance, where participants, often, um, workers in partnership with their employers, make regular payments to a scheme that will help them to get benefits, to help them manage a particular risk if it arises. Um, but before contributory schemes, there are also non-contributory schemes which do not require. Any direct financial contribution from participants for them to um receive benefits, for example, social assistance and social care. And then finally, on the right-hand side of the chart, you'll see labor market programs. Um, so labor market policies and intervention are a final category of um social protection instrument. For example, the public works programs, which you saw as part of the quiz. However, um, when thinking, um, sorry, thank you, Kristy. When thinking about linking with social protection systems in displacement context, the focus is often on non-contributory schemes, so they are the ones which have a yellow box around them. Um, and there are two main reasons for this. Firstly, in low and middle-income countries, where the vast majority of displaced people are hosted, most workers are informally employed. And um that means that coverage of contributory schemes and labor market policies is often very low, um, since they generally only relate to the formal labor market. The second reason is that social protection often mirrors the format of humanitarian assistance most closely. Um, so it's provided on a non-contributory basis, um, so targeting individuals or households that are typically considered vulnerable. Um, next slide, please, Christy. Um, when thinking about linking with the social protection system, it's, um, important to be aware that a social protection system has many components, and broadly speaking, it's helpful, helpful to think of these as being grouped into three main levels. The first one is the policy level at the top of that chart. Um, and this is where the social protection strategic vision is embedded in legal and policy frameworks supported by financing, governance, and coordination arrangements, and also by functional and technical capacity of agencies. Um, Involved. The next one is the program level, where the design of each program is determined, and this includes decisions around the objectives of each scheme, the type, the amount, and package of benefits and services delivered, and also the criteria underlying eligibility and vulnerability, and also risk profiling. So this is probably the level that um many of you are most comfortable at. And then finally, the deliver delivery or administration level, that refers to the operational systems and also the processes for actually implementing social protection in practice across each phase of the delivery chain, such as, for example, registration or monitoring and evaluation. Christy, back to you. Yes, thanks, Jessica. So that gives the overview of what social protection is all about, but why have we seen so much interest in linking with these systems over the past few years? Uh, well. There's growing interest firstly because the traditional kind of humanitarian system has really struggled to respond to this very evolving and complex displacement challenge. So we know that now over 100 million people are displaced at present. Uh, and often this is on a protracted basis, uh, and the displaced populations in question are frequently living among host communities who themselves are, are frequently socioeconomically vulnerable and living in low and middle income countries. And another dimension is that increasingly we're seeing that displacement is, uh, is often urban, um, and, and not, um, not rural as the as the dominant form. And rather than delivering humanitarian assistance principally through international or non-governmental agencies, it's hoped that working more closely with national social protection systems could be a more cost effective, sustainable and and equitable, excuse me, way to respond to displacement situations. And this is because social protection systems are, in theory, permanent, nationally owned structures that have been Established with the precise remit to support people to respond to different types of risks and vulnerabilities. And in theory, at least, they are designed to provide this kind of support as a predictable entitlement and sometimes one that's legally enshrined. And so it's, it could, shouldn't be framed as an ad hoc kind of charitable act that could disappear at any point when the funding dries up. This is in theory, I realize in practice it often plays out very differently. Another point is that providing support to both displaced and host communities through the same welfare system is sometimes viewed as a more equitable approach, since there have been concerns that humanitarian responses, uh, tend to focus primarily on displaced communities, but that the vulnerable host community households in those areas may not actually have had their needs met through any kind of um existing system. In addition, by working more closely with state systems, it's hoped that the international community's response could help to strengthen national social protection capacity and also enhance the host government's relations with the displaced community and potentially even the host community as well if they too are served by stronger social protection programming. Uh, and, uh, finally, it's also hoped that a social protection response could serve to promote better coordination between humanitarian development and peacebuilding actors, uh, since social protection can actually help to serve the objectives of all three areas. Uh, and throughout this session, especially later on when we discuss the lessons, we'll be thinking about to what extent this evidence, uh, the evidence actually, uh, supports these expectations, um, but this gives you a sense of kind of where this agenda has come from. Uh, and that, that hopefully gives you a flavor, but I think it's probably, um, uh, worth also clarifying what we actually mean when we talk about linking with social protection systems. What, what could this actually look like? And, this is something that in the project's analytical framework, we go into in A lot of detail, and we don't have time, I'm afraid, to go into any of that detail here, really. But just a few key points to stress are that, firstly, there are really a range of different options for linking humanitarian assistance with the social protection system. And what is most appropriate within that range is going to depend on the specific context. So, you know, full integration is not necessarily the ideal push for in all cases. That's something that we'll discuss a bit later. Um, so this range, uh, at one extreme. There may be no link between the two systems, between humanitarian and social protection systems, meaning the humanitarian-led assistance for the space population is operating entirely in parallel, i.e., not linked to the state social protection system. And at the other extreme, humanitarian assistance may be fully integrated into the state system, meaning the response is state-led. And the national social protection system is effectively expanding to provide assistance to both the displaced and host populations together. But there are also categories in between these two extremes, and broadly these can be grouped into what we call aligning, which means the programming approach is humanitarian led, but it does use the state's either existing or future social protection system as a reference point. Uh, then the other group is leveraging, or that's how we refer to it, and that means that the programming approach, again, it's still humanitarian led, but the state is now directly involved in some way, and the approach is actually explicitly using or being used by the social the national social protection system. And one. Other important thing to note here is that even if the assistance approach is linked with the social protection system, or is a state-led approach, it doesn't necessarily have to use an existing kind of standard social protection arrangement. So the assistance approach can actually, and in most cases probably should be tailored to serve the displaced population, given that they're a unique, um, a new population with unique circumstances. I realize I'm covering quite a lot of material, uh, here at once, and, and I can see that there's some messages popping up in, um, the chat, um, that we'll, we'll get to when, when there are Q&A. Um, but just to cover another kind of really key point, I think, when we're, uh, considering what types of linkages can be made. Uh, is that systems can be linked to different degrees at different points in the social protection system. So, Jessica explained earlier that the social protection system consists of many components grouped at the policy, program, design, and administration levels, and these components. Really, each provide a connection point where assistance programming could or could not be linked to the social protection system to, to a certain degree. So whether that's aligning, leveraging, or fully integrating, these are all kind of opportunities to consider how strong a link you want to make. And the same linkage option doesn't need to be applied at every connection point. Um, so what this means in, in practice, really, is that there are many possible approaches for linking with the social protection system, um. Because of all these different configurations, and you, of course, won't need this kind of detail all the time, but if you are really involved in the weeds of kind of developing an assistance program for displaced populations, then it might be helpful to think about, um, or consider what we call a, a linkage profile. You can see the, the diagram on the slide there, and basically, at the, at the top, um, on the horizon. tal axis, we have the different kind of linkage options ranging from no link, parallel system, right through to a state-led approach. And on the Y axis here, on the vertical axis, we've got the different connection points. And you can see that depending on the connection point, you can take a different linkage approach. The diagram that you see here, the yellow marks are illustrated. The linkages formed in a specific program that WFP ran in Colombia as part of a joint pilot with the government. And really, the main point here, you don't need, of course, all the detail, but the main point is just to show that actually, you can have a humanitarian, a parallel approach. At one point, for example, financing, which here was being financed by WFP, the humanitarian system. But at other points, you could have an entire a state-led approach. So, in terms of program design, the, the setting of the transfer value or the establishment of the targeting criteria, in this case, were very much state led. I'm whizzing quite quickly through here, um, but the, the next point that we wanted to make is that the linkage approach, um, that is optimal in a specific context will really depend on the factors and actors that are present in that context. Um, there is a specific toolkit that we've designed to kind of help you think through the factors and actors in a lot of detail, uh, but for now, we'll just be pointing out a few headline examples, and then we'll have a few minutes or. So for you to reflect on the factors or actors that are that are most relevant in your context. Um, the fact that the key factors, then, we have kind of three groups of key factors, and the first set relate to the initial context, um, meaning the nature of the displacement, uh, so the, you know, what are the characteristics of the displacement shock, what phase is that shock in, and what are the characteristics also of the displaced population at the time of their arrival. Then looking at the host context, uh, so what are the structural features, for example, the political or econo economic context, what is the state of the existing social protection system, and also the state of the existing humanitarian presence in the country. And then of course, you also need to consider the laws, institutions, and norms that are kind of governing the way that the national government and the international community respond. And just to give you one example here from our Cameroon case study, we saw that the international humanitarian principles of neutrality and independence meant that it was Not very feasible for the international humanitarian agencies to work through state systems in response to one of the displacement crises in the country, namely the Anglophone IDP crisis in the northwest and southwest regions where the state was playing a very active role in the conflict. But by In comparison, links with state systems were more viable in the east region in Cameroon, in response to the influx of refugees from the Central African Republic, because the state of Cameroon had not played any part in the cause of that displacement. That's just one simplified example there, but just to kind of illustrate a little bit. It's also then important to consider how your assistance programming fits into the wider national and international response to the displacement situation. So, for example, in Colombia, the state has a comprehensive law and strategy and coordination mechanism for supporting IDPs and also took a progressive stance from the. in permitting the entry of displaced Venezuelans and facilitating the access to different state services, and this created expectations then that non-governmental and international assistance should be provided as a kind of supplement to and really um working closely with state state systems rather than a parallel humanitarian system. Then, um, when considering how the social protection system should be used, it's also important to take into account the current situation of affected populations, and we have this as a stand-alone, uh, kind of group, because of course, the, the current situation may be quite different from the initial context at the point when the displaced population first arrived. And to give you an example of how this is relevant of what we saw in our research, we saw in Greece that refugees were expected to receive tailored assistance for only 1 year after gaining refugee status, at which point they were meant to either have become self-reliant or to have started to receive state-led assistance through the standard social protection system. Um, this was quite a challenging approach that wasn't really producing the desired outcomes because we saw that in one year, it really wasn't possible for the refugees to, um, gain self-reliance, given language barriers and limited employment opportunities and so on. And also the social protection system was designed in a way that had many barriers that actually prohibited their access. I think Jessica's going to touch on that a little bit more later. So, there we see that the, the current situation of, of the refugee population wasn't necessarily in line with the er approach to social welfare provision that was being taken. And finally, a major finding that emerged from the research was that the approach that you take to linking with social protection and the outcomes of that approach really depend far more on the political will and the key actors involved than on any of these left hand. Kind of factors. So if the central actors don't have the motivation or incentives or the relationships aren't in place, uh, to, uh, implement a particular assistance strategy, then even if the policy on paper is to fully integrate refugees in the social protection system, that may not happen. Um, so, to give this theory a little bit more grounding, um, we're going to do a quick exercise. This is just kind of. The immediate thoughts, I think that come to mind that we want to hear from, and we're going to do it um in the chat actually, rather than in mentingita, just so that you can also see the slide at the same time. Um, but we'd like you to think, based on kind of some of the points you've heard so far, if you think of a displacement context that you're familiar with, does anything stand out as being kind of a really obvious factor or a particular point relating to the actors that would actually influence whether you can consider linking with the social protection system or the degree to which you might choose to link with that system? Uh, I know it's a, it's a question you could spend many hours or days even, um, reflecting on, and you can do that after the session, but, um, we'd love to hear from you if you have some initial ideas, uh, on, on that point. So, I'm gonna open up the, the chat. I'll keep the slide up so that you can see some of the points on there, but if there's anyone brave enough to post a few ideas on there, um, then feel free. Is there anything in, yeah, OK, so we've got one response, a lack of political will to integrate displaced populations. Whether the existing system for citizens is close to collapse or is able to deliver right now, that's an essential, essential one to do with the host context, state of the existing social protection system. Scale of the displacement, absolutely. The number of displaced people relative to the host community, that would certainly influence how viable integration would be. And yeah, Lucy has given an example from from Jordan in terms of the kind of the political approach towards refugee integration there, um, being, I imagine, quite a constraint then for for looking at a very close, closely linked approach or even full integration. Civil society, international actors and law enforcement organizations, yeah, those are good examples of the types of actors that can really make the difference in whether um linkages actually play out well in practice. Uh, I can see there's lots more examples, uh, coming, In the chat there, and those are fantastic cases, um, and suggestions given. Feel free to keep jotting them down. Um, but for now, I'm going to, in order to try and keep to the time here, I'm going to hand over to, uh, Mattia Pulviesi, who is Our guest speaker, um, from UNHCR, and, of course, uh, they have a huge amount of experience of exactly this question. So he's going to share with us, um, some of UNHCR's thinking on linking. I'm going to stop sharing my screen so that we can. Hear from, from him directly. So go ahead, Mattia. Thank you very much, uh, Christy, and, uh, really, uh, I'll pick up exactly from where you left, and I think, uh, in general, the main message I would like to convey, and I will not be using um um PowerPoint, but the main message I would like to convey today is that it's an optimistic one, is that despite the barriers and the challenges that we see, Uh, access by displaced populations to national social protection systems and programs is, is possible. And I'll draw on a few examples from, um, from UNHCR work in countries where this is happening and beyond the, the, the 3K studies of This project. And uh you just spoke about these uh contextual factors and actors, and in practice, I think the way that, that government, I think there are 3 factors that I see as standing out as particularly important. Uh, the first one obviously, and it, it, it, it came up also in your presentation is the maturity of the social protection system and There are various categorizations there, but I think what is important to know is that that determines what entry points are there and what programs we can, we can look at for inclusion. A second important factor is, of course, the population group, the, the legal status, as of course, if we're looking at refugees as non-nationals, they will have Different access to rights as opposed to, for example, internally displaced populations or, or, or returnees. And the third and most important factor I would mention here uh is the displacement cycle. So the, the con, you may have context of emergency and you know, the Ukraine situation is the, is the, is one that, that, or, or Sudan uh is what are. Few examples, but you can have uh protracted displacement contexts, which are actually the large majority of contexts for, for refugees that I think more than 70% according to the latest data of refugees have been displaced for a long time and uh and so that's actually the focus of our work and the third. type of displacement setting is uh when we actually look for durable solutions, and that's actually the hard, the hard part and the minority of, um, of cases. Based on these factors, I would say when we formulate a country strategy, um, we see three main ways to engage with the social protection system. One is the alignment, as you, as you mentioned, between the humanitarian assistance and social protection programs to facilitate Transition in the future. A second one is to adapt uh government social protection systems and programs for inclusion and transition to a durable solution, and this is really the long-term change that we want to see and we want to achieve. Uh, a third one is leveraging uh, a contingency plan and, and shock responsive social protection mechanisms where this exists, of course, and this is a more of a short time, short-term time-bound. Type of change, uh, for certain emergencies and one example is the COVID-19 uh scale-up of social protection programs. Um, now, uh, I would like to give some concrete examples as I know that I don't have a lot of time and I think oversimplifying here, uh, uh, we could broadly categorize, uh, two types of contexts. We can have countries that are preparing for Inclusion. So where we see entry points for inclusion, but we also see barriers, either political, economic, or, or technical barriers that we want to, to work on. And secondly, countries that are already working on inclusion or they have achieved also inclusion in certain areas. So, firstly, what um system building actions were undertaken uh to prepare inclusion and social protection. So the most common approach, of course, uh, is uh uh alignment between the humanitarian assistance and social protection, and this is something that, uh, um, you know, we try to do, uh, uh, almost uh as a default, uh, from, from an early start of an emergency. But if I have to mention an example, uh, a recent one is uh Moldova, where, um, cash assistance, Uh, was really from, from the early, uh, stage aligned to national social protection schemes and the retargeting of cash um transfers was also in line with the vulnerability criteria set up by the Ministry of um uh Labor and Social Protection, and all these happen in parallel with the technical assistance to, uh, to strengthen government services. Um, another, uh, system building action, I think, uh, that is crucial, uh, to keep in mind is, uh, the need for a feasibility analysis of inclusion and, uh, and, uh, uh, to develop an investment case for inclusion that informs advocacy, uh, towards policymakers as well as, uh, uh, international, uh, donors. And here I'll mention the example of Egypt where we are doing a joint research project with UNICEF and other agencies on the cost and benefits of including refugees, and uh this has various components. Uh, I will not talk about them, but it looks, of course, the legal frameworks at the costing of including vulnerable refugees into the Takaful and Karama social assistance program, as well as social insurance and how do we finance all that. Um, a third very important system building action I, I can, I see is uh the need for strengthening socio-economic data analysis and evidence on force displaced. And here, uh, a very good, um, example, uh, is Libya, where actually the, the Joint Data Center supported a multi-agency socio-economics. survey that was looking at uh uh refugees as well as uh uh migrants and IDPs in a sort of standard, standardized way of looking at vulnerabilities, uh, so that, uh, that allowed a sort of more uh comprehensive and interagency look at, at inclusion in the social protection system. Now, moving on maybe to more advanced uh uh context, what are the technical programmatic adjustments that were introduced to social protection delivery chains to make them more inclusive? Uh, first and foremost, I think, uh, the enrollment in social registries is something that, of course, it's a precondition for inclusion, and, uh, and here there are various ways of, uh, uh, dealing with this and with data management, but, uh, there can be contexts where we do data sharing, uh, agreements, uh, between, um, um, humanitarian agencies and government or, uh, other entities. It is implementing social protection programs, uh, or there can be joint targeting or parallel registration. For example, UNHCR in Mauritania is registering refugees, and at the same time, there is, um, um, uh, enrollment in the, in the social registry. Um, of course, in many instances, we need to work on outreach campaigns to raise awareness about the fact that if Refugees and other displaced have the right to social protection in, in that specific, uh, and have access in that specific context, and, and I remember in Morocco, we did a lot of work on that and several workshops to really raise awareness among refugees themselves, amongst uh social protection agencies, especially at the local level, uh, that may not even be aware that there is an actual law that says that. Um, thirdly, and, and this is, uh, the most complicated one, is the need for adapting and strengthening, uh, the design and implementation of social protection programs, and as Christie was saying, really to tailor them to what are the needs and the capacities of displaced populations. And, and last but not least, uh, the need for monitoring the impact of inclusion on refuge. And, and really here is the, is the issue of the parity gap that usually exists between the humanitarian standards and the social protection transfer values in many less developed countries, and this really the purpose of this is also to inform a very complicated, I would say political decisions around the duplication and around the retargeting. Um, so, to close here with a few examples, uh, uh, I mean, in middle-income countries, uh, this is happening quite relatively smoothly, I would say. In Brazil, we have Venezuelans that are in, uh, uh, reception centers receiving, for example, UNHCR, um, uh, cash-based interventions, and they are at the same time, Supported to enroll in the Cadastro UNIC or the social registry, and within 3 to 6 months, they're actually able, if eligible, of course, to access social assistance, uh, which is nationally funded, and we have over 135,000 Venezuelans that are actually receiving, uh, uh, Bolsa familia cash transfers as well as the, uh, beneficiary, the Presasau Continua. This can happen also in low-income countries. So we have the Mauritania example where 7000 camp refugees, households, they receive Tekavul social assistance program and they're also enrolled in the social registry and therefore eligible to shock responsive social protection cash top-ups. Uh, this is not nationally funded. Uh, we are working on, on increasing the, the fiscal appropriation by the government, but it's mostly World Bank funded. And, uh, last but not least, uh, I'll close here. Also Iraq is a very interesting example where um IDPs and returnees were included in the Kurdish um uh social, social safety net programs, or social assistance, and the government is now committed to assess 180,000 IDPs uh to the, to also. Enroll those and we're also working on the unified social registry along with other UN agencies. So yeah, I think my time is up. Yeah, time is up sadly, but that was fantastic. Thank you, Matthia, and I'm going to, I'm sure we can pick up some of that, some questions on it and more details later, but I'm going to hand right over to Jessica, who's going to dive into some of the lessons. Thanks. Great. Thank you. And yeah, thank you, Matthia for that treasure chest of examples and I think um some of, we, we also found some of the same points in our research that's also very reassuring. Um, so I'm going to bring us back to our research now and um we'll draw out some key overarching lessons for linking with social protection systems in displacement responses. Um, so we have 5 key lessons, um, and I'm going to tell you what the 5 lessons are and then follow up with, um, a concrete example or some data to illustrate the lessons. Um, so, um, so the first lesson is, uh, it relates to effective, effectiveness in meeting the needs of displacement-affected populations. Um, so, what we mean concretely, um, is the following. So, given that, um, given the losses that displaced households incurred before and during their displacement, we observed that they often have greater, uh, needs than the host population. At the time of arrival, and they will continue to have heightened needs for long periods of time thereafter due to, for example, their more limited access to networks, assets, livelihood opportunities and rights in the host context. And what this means is that um adaptations to program design and delivery, as well as additional support um will generally be needed to effectively serve displaced people through social protection systems. So that's basically, um, the tailoring point which both Christy and Matthia have already made. Um, so let's look at that in a bit more detail. Um, for example, in relation to program design, OK, so, um, My computer is frozen. OK. OK, there we go. So, um, for example, in relation to program design, displaced, um, people's basic needs may be neglected and also their well-being jeopardized if assistance for them tries to align with the existing social protection system, transfer amounts, types, or targeting criteria without considering um the unique. Nature and higher level of their needs. For example, in Greece, refugees were expected to receive tailored assistance for 1 year after gaining their refugee status, and at that point they could in principle, apply for state assistance through the standard social welfare system in place for the Greek population. Um, but the targeting criteria of most schemes focused only on those who had been a legal resident of the country for at least 5 years, and as such, effectively excluded many refugees. In addition, the level and type of support provided in social welfare programs was unlikely to be sufficient for refugees given their lower access to community support, loans and savings, their unique psychosocial needs, and also integration challenges, as well as language barriers, education barriers and social barriers which hindered their access to decent work opportunities. And we found that even where they were eligible for social welfare, they made, um, they faced many practical barriers to apply, such as infeasible documentation requirements. And then this links to questions of delivery. And here, we found that substantial adjustments are likely needed um to social protection outreach, registration, eligibility determination, um, also benefits and service provision and accountability mechanisms if those mechanisms are to support displaced people effectively. So, for example, in Colombia, the criteria to be included in the social registry were adjusted to enable Venezuelans to register, and the government partnered with humanitarian agencies to increase these registration rates. Um, and this resulted in quite a high level of registration of Venezuelans, um, in, in, um, our sample. So we saw that, for example, 44 of Venezuelans had registered and this was, um, quite high, um, probably more than we expected, um, compared to 83% of hosts and 91% of IDPs. Um, but as you can see, um, from the, um, larger red, um, blocks on the right-hand side graph, um, Venezuelans were still significantly more likely to find it difficult to register in the system compared to Colombians. Um, so Colombians are hosts in the top line. And this indicates the extent of proactive efforts and adjustments which are needed to ensure displaced populations can be well served through social protection systems. OK, so our next, um, key message is hosts also often lack access to effective assessment systems. And our key lesson here is around um social cohesion. We found that in many displacement contexts, um, vulnerable host con um communities also often lacked access to effective assistance due to underdeveloped or underperforming social protection systems. And this was also something a few of you put in the chat actually during the earlier exercise. And, um, this then can lead to concerns around um social cohesion because assistance in the displacement response is being provided while hosts are actually not receiving proper social protection provisions. However, we found that where those concerns with social cohesion arise, the focus should be on improving the adequacy of provision for the host community rather than reducing or aligning the provision for displaced people. And I'll illustrate that again with some examples. Um, so, where tensions exist around um assistance to displaced people, they're rarely caused by the assistance itself. We found that they're typically a symptom of existing social content, discontent within the host community related to perceived institutional neglect of their needs and less related to the support which refugees are receiving. Um, sorry, if you just click the, I think it might not have loaded. Oh there we go. OK, great, yeah, um, so, um, the recommended action, um, we have here would be to focus on promoting better attention, um, to host socioeconomic concerns rather than, um, producing inadequate support for hosts and displaced communities alike. Um, and I'll illustrate this with an example from Cameroon. For example, in Cameroon, we found that locals often had little idea how much assistance displaced people were getting, and they were frequently in favor of them receiving targeted support. And in part that was because of indirect benefits it brought to the local economy. So here in our quantitative research, that's what this regression table is showing. Um, we, respondents were asked, um, who should receive support. Um, and they were specifically asked, should the vulnerable household of the other community receive, um, support? So hosts were asked about refugees and were asked, should refugees receive support. Refugees were asked, um, about hosts and so on. Um, and, um, in the quantitative research, when asked who should receive some support, refugees were significantly less likely, um, than host to say that vulnerable communi vulnerable, vulnerable members of the host community should receive some support. Um, and that means that hosts, on the other hand, were significantly more likely to be in support of, um, vulnerable refugees receiving, um, receiving more support. Um, and Now, I'll add a bit more detail to, to that regression table. Um, this was true, um, even though host respondents were actually already significantly more likely to believe that vulnerable households in the other community already received more support than vulnerable households in their own, um, community. So hosts already Believed that refugees do receive more, but still they thought that refugees should continue getting more. Um, and overall, the Cameroon case study suggested that where the host population had frustrations, this was generally because they wanted more attention to their own unmet needs, um, but not less attention to the displaced. OK. Um, so we did find that social tensions may well be exacerbated if assistance to displaced people is perceived to be directly diverting state resources away from vulnerable citizens, and this is what began to emerge in Colombia. As the progressive state-led support for Venezuelans started to provoke tensions, given acute levels of high inequality, widespread um social discontent in the host population, also high ongoing needs of IDPs. And at least, um, initially, uh, lack of international assistance for a middle-income country that was experiencing one of the top 3 refugee influxes globally. And the implication for, um, for that is then that um additional financing from the international community is key in line with commitments to global uh global responsibility sharing for displacement challenges. And this is also something we'll come back to. And then finally, it is often the perceptions about um assistance that may influence cohesion, and these perceptions can often differ from the actual assistance arrangements in place. Um, coming back to Greece, um, for example, in Greece, assistance for asylum seekers came from humanitarian agencies at the time of our research, and it was internationally funded. Yet locals often associated it with the state and assumed it was state funded, um, leading to some resentment about the drain on state resources. Um, so, again, um, there's a clear implication from that. Um, this suggests that a careful and coherent communication strategy is vital to maximize the benefits and to minimize the risk and practice of whatever approach is perceived to be optimal on paper. OK, so our um Third, um, finding is to consider. Linkages in terms of effects on, on outcomes. Um, and humanitarian assist, what we found here is that humanitarian assistance, um, Shouldn't just link um into systems, just into state systems just for the sake of linking, um, but should only do so where it actually where it actually results in better outcomes for people and needs. And, um, Sorry, um, Actually, shouldn't have clicked yet. Um, and where this is the case, linkages should be made in a way, um, that helps to build and also strengthen, um, state systems. And that's also a point that I think Mattia made very clearly. So, again, um, Colombia is a good example of this, and, um, Their collaboration between humanitarian agencies and the government on the Venezuelan response was designed to try to work as closely as possible with state systems, including a sort, a shock responsive social protection pilot in Arauca, which aimed to use the SISEN. Social registry which we've already heard about, um, to identify and pay cash transfers to around 6000 Venezuelans and, and over 11,000 Colombian households to complement um the state's COVID-19 response. Um, so that was the target and you can see the actual on the right-hand side of the graph. Um, but because so few Venezuelans were actually registered in, in the system and also because so many had invalid phone number. and addresses registered on state databases. The number of Venezuelans ultimately included in the pilot was only 6.5% of the original target or around 350 households. So that shows some of the challenges of using state systems to support displaced populations, but it's also a good example of how humanitarian social protection collaboration can be developed in a way that strengthens the social protection system for all. Because since that initial pilot, WFP has been working with the government on a major drive to expand and update um households entries in the system, including for Venezuelan, and you can see that they have in the meantime, registered a half a million more people in the, in the system. OK, so moving on to Our 4th finding. This relates to international finding, which we've touched upon briefly. Um, so our fourth lesson is that international funding will still generally still be required in countries which bear a disproportionate displacement burden. Even um when displaced people are included in state social protection systems. So, of course, social protection systems may offer value for money, um, but they should not be used as a way for the international community to ignore the needs of crisis-affected people or to neglect commitments to global burden and responsibility sharing such as those made in the 1951 refugees convention or on the Global Compact for refugees. And this is especially important since, as I'm sure you're all aware, low and middle-income countries host a disproportionate burden. Um, um, so they host, um, a disproportionate share of the global refugee population. And that heightens the need for high-income countries to substantially increase the numbers they host themselves, and if not that, then substantially increase the financial support they provide to host countries. Um, OK, so, we see that often, um, host con, we see that's often not the case, and we see that far too often host countries are disproportionately Um, left to bear the burden of the displacement responses, and this can hinder or undermine the potential for progressive, for progressive state response for the displacement, um, situation as in Colombia, which received relatively little initial support, um, for its Venezuelan, um, response. So you can see here that um even though the Venezuelan crisis was one of the largest displacement crises in the world, um, you can see in this graph here that um 5 years into the crisis, um, and this was at the time when we started our project, international funding was much lower for the Venezuelan response relative to other major displacement crises. And most of the cost, um, of the Venezuelan response was therefore falling on host countries themselves and uh on Colombia in particular, as it was the main destination for displaced Venezuelans. And that um put a heavy strain on the state budget and, and its systems given that Colombia is still a middle-income country with many existing socio-economic challenges, including a social protection system that only covers half of the national population and only around 1/3 of vulnerable households, so. Um, yeah, 50, 52% of the national population and a third of, um, vulnerable households. So I am. Um, sorry, um. Lost track where I am. Uh Apologies. OK. Um, so, having said that, in relation to financing, we also noted that well-designed international funding can play an important role in helping to incentivize, um, effective collaboration between social protection and humanitarian actors and greater inclusion of displaced people in state systems. For example, in many of the countries hosting displaced displaced populations in sub-Saharan Africa, Displaced households are being included for the first time in state social assistance in a gradual expansion of um. Those countries' nascent social safety net programs, and that is a direct outcome of the conditions of IDA funding that they received through the World Bank's window for host communities and refugees. And, um, you can see a number of these countries, um, on the graph on the right. Um, however, it should still be recognized that it takes many years to scale up social protection programs and to build systems. And it may be possible within the lifespan of a five-year project to include all current refugees in a social registry. Um, so that's what you can see in those blue bars. And that's the share of refugees, which are included in, in social registry, so there's some great progress made on that. Um, but the proportion of refugees projected to actually receive benefits through World Bank funded projects. So that's the, um, orange or the gray or the yellow bars which represent different interventions. This proportion was never more than half of refugees and was in fact often less than 20%. Um, so our key takeaway here is that caution is needed regarding the role that these social protection programs can play in entirely replacing humanitarian program in the short and medium term. And, um, this then links to our final lesson, which is that regardless of the precise linkages currently being adopted between systems in a given context, there's a clear case to be made for greater transparency and collaboration within, as well as between um humanitarian and social protection systems. Of course, there will be some exceptional circumstances where openness and collaboration might be truly off limits. So, for example, where engaging with the state might legitimize actions that violate international humanitarian or humanitarian rights law, or where the state is hostile or complicit. Or where humanitarian principles of neutrality, independence, or impartiality might be threatened in the type of collaboration that's being considered. And it was really interesting to see that many of you actually put these factors into the chat when considering the type of linkages. Um, but in general, um, broad efforts to promote collaboration among the many different state and international actors involved in social protection and the displacement response is likely to be both beneficial in its own right, but it's also a really important precondition for meaningful future linkages between the systems. Um, and yes, can I suggest that, um, that we keep the Cameroon example for if we have time in Q&A just to make sure that we, um, have enough time for, for loose, uh, perfect, sorry to jump in there, but, um, um, so. So, now we've heard some overarching lessons from our project, so we'd like to again zoom in into one of the case studies. Um, and for this, I'd like to invite, um, Stella, uh, I mean, sorry, Luz Stella Rodriguez, um, from the World Bank to discuss, um, some of the lessons for Colombia in particular. Um, and as we've already heard, linkages between the displacement response and the social protection systems are amongst the most advanced. So, we look forward to hearing from you. Um, Luz, you don't have slides, I think, so we're just going to, um, Look at, um, you talking, which will be great, thank you. Thank you so much, er, Jessica and Chrissy for the invitation. It's been a very interesting session. Uh, OK, so, as you may know, Colombia has a relatively long tradition of social protection programs that are mainly targeted to the poor and vulnerable. Uh, these policies and programs have been adapting to respond to humanitarian crisis. Uh, in the last three decades, the The country has been progressively implementing strategies to respond first uh to the needs of the internally displaced population that has been um uh the result of the, of the internal conflict and more recently, say since 2015, uh, the country has been responding to the Venezuelan migrant exodus in a more sustainable way. Regarding the, the response to the internally displaced population, er, you may know that uh after the er Constitutional Court orders and the development of the Victims Law, er, the country was, um, I mean, the government was um mandated to have a more coherent and a more um er substantial and robust response to the situation of the internal displaced population. Uh, and, and therefore, er, the government started to er progressively align the targeting, design, and delivery mechanisms of social protection er to provide domestic er humanitarian assistance to the IDPs. Um, this included, for example, the development of, uh, or not the development but the delivery of social assistance cash transfers er to IDPs, er, to the, er, also the increment of the, the increase of uh of budget er for, er, for the response of IDPs and also er like more er coordination between different agencies er. That are er responsible for their response er to this um complex situation. However, as of, er, as of now, er both systems uh the system to respond to the victims of the IDPs and the Social Protection systems are, are separate, uh, although they are more connected, they still have some, some challenges to coordinate completely. So this is like still a pending task for the government. And now talking about the response to the To the migration, uh, the influx of, um, of Venezuelans. Uh, you may know that Colombia has around 2.5 million, between 2.5 and 2.7 million Venezuelans in, in the country. At the beginning, the government really didn't know, er, what, I mean, what to do and how to respond, er, to this shock. Um, they, er rely at the beginning in, in, in a humanitarian and er NGOs and external er support, but the, but slowly started to er really er connect er the, the The response er from the, from the government side. er and the government er organized uh like a unit called the Gerencia de Fronteras, the, the border management unit who started to coordinate a multi-sectoral response to the crisis, trying to provide a, a Education, health, social protection, housing er to, to the migrants and the social protection has been adapting er rapidly to, to respond to this influx of, of migrants, er, and as I'm, as it was mentioned before by Jessica and. Andreasy, um, for example, they, uh, work in the harmonization of mechanisms to allow the entrance of the, of migrants in the, in the social registry, which is at the end, the main door for the, for accessing social protection services. Also, they, they grant access to uh, social protection benefits, namely cash transfers. Also, uh, they, uh, align the size of the benefits to make sure with, uh, with the benefits that are given to the nationals to make sure that, uh, this provision of benefits both to host communities and to Venezuelans didn't create uh xenophobia. Also, um The, the government has been working actively in um how to reduce the, the barriers for Venezuelans to access er the financial services er to promote financial inclusion. Um, the World Bank has been working together with other development partners. This is not only our work, it's a, it's a joint worker, and we have been providing uh the government with the different types of, of, uh, support. Uh, we have worked with them in, in, in, like, supporting analytical studies er to, to assess what is the economic effect of migration and the, like the positive side of migration, er, not only er like, like, uh, assessing how much does it cost to respond to the influx, but how much can the government benefit from migration. Also, er, the government has working, I mean, we, we have been working on providing technical assistance, er, on how, how to customize the programs to address the migration er crisis. Also, er, we've been working on capacity building. And, uh, to reduce, uh, xenophobia, er, in both agencies and communities. Er, together with the WFP we created a, uh, like a small cash transfer program, er, for migrant, for Venezuelan migrants during COVID and And also, we've been uh doing a budget support to the government for the implementation of a series of reforms that include migrants as part of the social and er social protection system and that gives like a social and economic inclusion to migrants. Although the response of the government has been very good and, and like, uh, like has been adapting the social protection systems to include migrants, er, there are still some challenges that it's important to, to mention. There are still political and fiscal barriers. I mean, the, the government, as, as many other countries is, is Financially, financially um constrained and not always get, I mean, it's difficult to prioritize migrants over er vulnerable populations that are local populations that are still um a a lot uh and also the political transition and has been, has been difficult to sustain the efforts. Uh, on the response to migrants. Operational barriers still remain. The, the agencies are learning to how to, to work with migrants and how to include their migrants, how to make them like er er eligible permanent users of their benefits and also er the big issue of Colombia, er coordination challenges, how to er Create synergies and, and how to better er work together between the different agencies of the sta of the government. Uh I think that uh just to close the, the, providing support to IDPs and migrants is, is a, a long-term project. And, and needs um institutional responses er that er transcend er political I mean governments and transcend political periods. It, it needs to be er really er buil built er from a, from a, a, with a long-term. Perspective. Uh, and this is a challenge for, not only for Colombia and it's, it's a, it's a global challenge, especially in the region where I work in Latin America. Uh, it's, it's a huge challenge, er, there, there is Latin America is literally a, a region on the move and therefore the social protection system needs to, need to adapt er to really include migrants as part of the, of the social protection responses. Thank you. Thank you, Luis, for those um super interesting insights and giving very concrete, um, actually illustrations of our key messages. Like, for example, I felt like you perfectly illustrated that everyone needs to work to get more point, um, very well. Um, I also appreciate that you touched upon some other dimensions like time frame, but also the political economy aspects and the kind of evidence, um, that is actually useful to, to, um, kind of chip away at the, the edges of, um, kind of some political economy challenges. So yeah, it was very, very interesting. Um, we only have about 5 minutes left, um, but I wanted to check if any of the audience had, um, some questions or examples, um, they wanted to share from their work. Um, now's the time where you can just put your hand up or just open your microphone. Yeah, Valeria? Please go ahead and speak. Yes, thank you very much for the floor. Um, I would like to ask, um, about, uh, what kind of strategies we can implement for long term solutions, social assistance solutions when we have governments that when they. Take office they usually erase everything that the previous government has done and it starts from scratch and that maybe the time frame is 4 years to redesign and implement new strategies before the new government takes office and again erases everything and starts from scratch. Thank you very much. Great. Um, yeah, that's a really, really important question, and I was in fact also thinking about that when, when, um, Stella was talking that kind of the time frame where we need to work on, um, to, on this issue is, is actually in complete contradiction to the time frames of, of projects of governments. Um, or, of, yeah, um, contracts of people involved in this. Um, I wonder if, um, our operational colleagues could, could share their reflections on this. Um, Matthia, I so, I don't want to put you on the spot, but I saw you nodding, so I thought that this is probably a challenge you come across in your, um, day to day work a lot. Yeah, absolutely. It's a good question, and I think we need to, especially as a humanitarian operational agencies, I think we need to put ourselves in a completely different time frame. So we are not looking at uh 1 year, we are looking at 5 years. Uh, we are also, we need to be also very much aware to not give the message that inclusion in social protection means a solution. So when we talk about solutions, we need to look at durable solutions. So social protection may be one element, one factor that goes that way, but we need to look at access to jobs at the same time and access to financial inclusion, access to a form. Employment as, as a, as a way to really build also the self-reliance of displaced populations uh and not just looking, so social protection is, is one, we call it one of the pathways towards a solution, but it's not a solution per se, so we need to be also very much aware of this. Can I jump in? Go ahead, please. Thank you. No, I, it's a very good question, Valeria, and I wish to have the response, but I think that this is, is part of, uh, of our job is, is to understand that, um, migration crises are gonna continue happening. And that, therefore, we need to make uh migration part of our social protection system, think, I mean, thinking social protection systems as a, like, as a compendium of different pillars that, that is not only social assistance but also access to jobs and also access to social insurance. Uh, so I think that if we, for example, um, include migration, uh, in, as one of the components of the, our adaptive, er, social protection strategies, this will start building er some sort of um of uh institute uh I mean, of, uh, of, of more, like a more robust, um, a, a, a more robust response that hopefully transcends a political periods. Uh, so, I think that we need to, to start building this, this process, I mean, and this is, this is our job at, at the technical level in, in both governments and international agencies. Thank you, um, Luc and Mattia, really insightful answers. I think we only have time for one more question or comment, and I see that, um, Khuled Mohammed has his hand up. Yeah, yes, thank, thank you very much. I have uh just uh one very brief uh question related on this, uh, uh, this topic. Uh, we have a lot of different strategies, different policies going on, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, like the durable solution strategy, the resilience strategy, and now we, we know, as you mentioned it earlier, uh, the government is in the middle-income countries. And low income countries' capacities in terms of financing is very tight and very difficult. So how we can reconcile all these strategies, including the social protection system, because it needs to inject money to support the government system because the government is responsible for the hostile community now is also shrinking, particularly in many parts of Africa. So how we can maybe this social protection can also reconcile the other strategies and framework is that responding both hosting community, the refugees, and also the IDBs. Thank you. Another, um, very challenging but important question. Um, other panelists, feel free to come in and just unmute yourself, um, if, if you'd like to respond to that. Um, but I guess, um, yeah, just a very quick reflection. Definitely not a, not a full answer from me is that, um, I think one of the key takeaways, um, for me also from this project is that There isn't a, a right answer or you can never meet all objectives or goals. I think it's all about weighing up the trade-offs, um, and thinking about the different policy objectives, the different, um, population needs that you need to meet, um, financing constraints and all the other constraints, and, um, Trying to, to meet that balance as, as, um, as well as possible, give, given all of these constraints, and I think it's also a bit related to um the factors and actors, um, um, framework that Christy was sharing at the beginning. where you really have to think about the context and think about the type of displacement or the political context or um government systems and just try and figure out where to best land in, in, in the, in the scheme of things. But, um, yeah, there's unfortunately never a a clear answer. It's always very much a trade-off. Um, so, I think we are now officially out of time, and, um, it's been really great, um, that so many of you attended, um, on, um, to, to, to hear us talk about social protection. And um I'm really grateful for our panelists, um, Matthia and Luz for their very interesting contributions and also many thanks to Domenico and Paula for setting up the training, and of course, um, Christy. Um, Uh, Domenico, would you like me to share those final slides? If you can, yes, please, but um, yeah, thank you very much. Maybe while you do the, uh, Jessica, let me take the opportunity to signal that uh our colleague Deanie is showing the same links in the, in the, the chat. So please do uh use this link to provide us with feedback on this session. And also there will be uh in the next slide, there is the link and it's also In the chat, the link to all the resources from today, the, the slides, and there you will also find the, the preparatory material and eventually the recording of these, of these, of these session. I also see that Christy is kindly put the email addresses of our speakers today in the chat. Should you have any further question, would, do you want to keep this conversation alive? Uh, I'm left with, uh, thanking all of you for participating in this, in this module. Of course, a special thanks to our, our speaker, Jessica, Christy, Matthia, Luz. Thank you very much. It has been a very lively, uh, session, and I, uh, you know, um, Thank you to all the, the participants, but also thanks to all those who worked behind the scene to make this, this happen, like Deanie, Agnes, uh, Natalia, and Catherine. Uh thank you to all of you. I hope I will see all of you next week for the module on education on forced displacement. Just a little reminder. For those of you, uh, who are changing the time this coming week, the module will be at 9:00 a.m. Eastern time. So it will be 2:00 p.m. in Europe and in other countries, not 3:00 p.m. like usual. But you will get reminders of this, uh, next week. Thank you all of you, and I hope I'll see you next week. Bye.

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20231025 Module5 Social Protection

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