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Working with Industrial Policy
South Asia’s growth is expected to slow in 2026 amid headwinds from global energy market dislocation. Trade reforms could unlock further growth by reducing trade barriers, especially for emerging export sectors. Accelerating job creation is becoming harder as job prospects erode in AI-exposed activities, and subnational labor market disparities persist. South Asian countries make use of industrial policies at about twice the rate of other EMDEs. Since 2022, about half of South Asia’s industrial policies have been directed at manufacturing, particularly activities with more or better-paid employment. Cross-cutting measures to improve infrastructure, skills, and the business environment remain a priority to accelerate growth and job creation.
From Risk to Resilience: Helping People and Firms Adapt in South Asia
South Asia is the most climate-vulnerable region among emerging markets and developing economies. With governments having limited room to act due to fiscal constraints, households and firms will shoulder most of the burden of climate adaptation. This book documents the extent to which households and firms are aware of climate risks, are taking actions, and are hindered in their actions by their circumstances. The findings point to actions that even fiscally constrained governments can take to help their households and firms build climate resilience. The book draws on extensive global experience to offer detailed policy options for vulnerable sectors and groups.
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Private Cities: Outstanding Examples from Developing Countries and Their Implications for Urban Policy
Institutional constraints and weak capacity often hamper the ability of local governments in developing countries to steer urbanization. As a result, there are not enough cities to accommodate an unabated rural-urban migration and many of those that exist are messy, sprawling, and disconnected. The flipside is the emergence of entire cities—more than gated communities or industrial parks—led in whole or in part by private actors. To date, little systematic research has been conducted on the conditions that are necessary for such unusual entities to emerge, on the roles played by private actors, or on the consequences for efficiency and equity.
Striving for Clean Air: Air Pollution and Public Health in South Asia
Nine out of the world’s 10 cities with the worst air pollution are in South Asia. Concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) in some of the region’s most densely populated and poor areas are up to 20 times higher than what WHO considers healthy (5 µg/mᶾ). It causes an estimated 2 million premature deaths in the region each year and incurs significant economic costs. Air pollution travels long distances in South Asia and gets trapped in large “airsheds” that are shaped by climatology and geography. This report identifies six major airsheds in the region, analyzes four scenarios to reduce air pollution, and offers a roadmap for airshed-wide air quality management.
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