Indonesia

The 2005 teacher law aimed to improve the quality of the Indonesian education system by addressing the weaknesses in teacher competencies, their low motivation and ... Tampilkan lainnya + poor levels of pay. A central component of the law was the teacher certification program. The Government of Indonesia and the World Bank are in the process of evaluating the impact of the teacher certification program. This brief provides initial results of this evaluation exercise by analyzing the direct effects that certification may have by changing the motivation and behavior of teachers who become certified and receive the professional allowance. The findings show that certification has led to some positive changes in teacher behavior but these changes have not translated into improved student learning. This program was designed to certify teachers who demonstrated minimum levels of teaching competency. Strong incentives were also introduced which entitled certified teachers to a professional allowance equivalent to their basic pay. Indonesia's certification program has raised the income levels of teachers and made the teaching profession significantly more attractive. However, differences between the design and implementation of the program have limited the impact of certification on the much needed improvements in teacher quality. The policy brief shows that the academic criteria used to certify teachers have not guaranteed minimum teacher competency levels. Many teachers with university bachelor's degrees have difficulties with the competency tests that were administered for this study. This is particularly worrying given that the tests were designed to measure competencies in terms of subject knowledge considered necessary for effective teaching. Tampilkan kurang -

Indonesia has shown an increasing commitment to education over the last decade. Since 2001, spending has doubled in real terms largely as a result of a constitution... Tampilkan lainnya + al requirement obligating the government to spend a fifth of its budget on education. A cornerstone of this increased investment has been a school grants program aimed at providing financial support to all public, private and religious primary and junior secondary schools. The School Operational Assistance program (BOS), initiated by the Ministry of Education and Culture in 2005, and provides basic education schools with block grants. The program currently provides grants to 228,000 schools benefiting an estimated 43 million students. In 2012, 8.1 percent or Rp 23.5 trillion of the total government education budgets was spent on BOS. The aim of the school grants program, allocated on a per-student basis, is three-fold: to improve access to and raise the quality of basic education, to reduce the financial burden for students and to support school based management reforms. Grants have supported the purchase of goods and services meant to enhance the quality of education (e.g. texts and library books, teaching learning materials, teacher professional development activities, and remedial learning) and have reduced the need for schools to seek funds from parents to cover these expenditures. The BOS program provides schools with greater autonomy and flexibility in managing their resources. Schools in turn are expected to use these resources in a transparent and accountable way. The program has strengthened school planning and budgeting processes and has begun to open these up to parental and community oversight. Given the traditionally passive role which parents play in school activities and management, compounded by a lack of information about school affairs, this clearly represents a fundamental reform of education in Indonesia. Tampilkan kurang -