c/o ECN Policy StudiesContact Person : Mr. Tom Kram
P.O. Box 1
1755 ZG Petten
Netherlands
Tel: (31) 2246-4347
Fax: (31) 2246-3338
MARKAL is a flexible toolbox to represent energy systems from primary resources through conversion processes, transport, distribution and end-use devices. Exogenously specified end-use demands are satisfied at least total cost, taking into account a wide variety of constraints. MARKAL is a dynamic optimisation model, employing linear programming.
- Base year energy balance and useful demand projections;
- Base year energy prices and price projections;
- Energy technology: overall efficiency, fuel input (mix), costs, penetration constraints, scheduled maintenance outage;
- Optional: demand technologies, availability factor (by time division), penetration rates, environmental coefficients, time dependency.
Local, regional, national scales possible.
Medium and long term. Size time steps are chosen by user (minimum 1 year; maximum 9 periods; 9 periods of 5 years is most common).
- Target-oriented integrated energy analysis and planning;
- Basic approach: dynamic optimization (LP): mostly minimisation of net present value of costs.
Macroeconomic analysis Not included (see MARKAL-MACRO).
Total energy system analysis
Demand analysis: Optional level of detail for demand sector,end use; demands can be presented by six time-divisions (simplified load pattern); possibility of modelling conservation technologies;
Resource analysis: Detailed modelling of depletable and renewable resources is possible;
Supply side analysis: Detailed modelling possible, including modelling of availability by time division;
allows for modelling of CHP with variable heat and electricity output ratios;
Supply/demand balance:Partial Equilibrium through Optimization.
Detailed electric system analysis
Load curve: (6 time-divisions) is a result, DSM possible;
Load characterization: Exists as a maximum out of 6 time-divisions and a required peak capacity;
Generation expansion analysis: Endogenous;
Transmission analysis: Extended version for multiple grids and exchange available.
Environmental analysis
Air-pollution: Permits comprehensive treatment of pollutants (not on local level) single and combined treatment possible;
Water: As above;
Solid waste: As above;
Land use: As above;
Occupational health and safety: Not included.
Decision support analysis: Comprehensive scenario comparison, tailored to suit the users/customers preferences.
Flexibility
A minimum amount of data is required, level of detail can grow with data development.
Future development
GAMS version, inclusion of material and product flows, linking with economic models, enhanced data exchangeability.
User friendliness
Basic understanding of LP is required. User interface (MUSS) for data handling, model execution and analysis: menu driven, on-line help, error checking, graphic outputs, outputs in DBF format, easy inter-scenario comparisons. MUSS supports both OMNI and GAMS versions of MARKAL from a single database.
Documentation
MARKAL and MUSS user guides, "hands-on" tutorial course under development.
Training
2 weeks to start up - later two weeks to improve skills.
Case studies
Most IEA Member States, Indonesia, Brazil, Tunisia, local communities, regional utilities, etc.
Hardware
Minimum IBM/386;
(recommended IBM/486 or Pentium);
4 MB RAM (8 MB for GAMS version), 30 MB hard drive;
Color Monitor.
Software
DOS 5.0;
OMNI and HSLP or XPRESS;
or: GAMS and MINOS or OSL.
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