Indonesia

International negotiations on climate change have been dogged by mutual recriminations between rich and poor countries, constricted by the zero-sum arithmetic of a shrinking... Show More + global carbon budget, and overtaken by shifts in economic power between industrialized and developing countries. To overcome these "narrative," "adding-up," and "new world" problems, respectively, this paper proposes a new Greenprint for cooperation. First, the large dynamic emerging economies -- China, India, Brazil, and Indonesia -- must assume the mantle of leadership, offering contributions of their own and prodding the reluctant industrial countries into action. This role reversal would be consistent with the greater stakes for the dynamic emerging economies. Second, the emphasis must be on technology generation. This would allow greater consumption and production possibilities for all countries while respecting the global emissions budget that is dictated by the climate change goal of keeping average temperature rise below 2 degrees centigrade. Third, instead of the old cash-for-cuts approach -- which relies on the industrial countries offering cash (which they do not have) to the dynamic emerging economies for cuts (that they are unwilling to make) -- all major emitters must make contributions. With a view to galvanizing a technology revolution, industrial countries would take early action to raise carbon prices. The dynamic emerging economies would in turn eliminate fossil fuel subsidies, commit to matching carbon price increases in the future, allow limited border taxes against their own exports, and strengthen protection of intellectual property for green technologies. This would directly and indirectly facilitate such a technological revolution. Show Less -

The report is divided into two parts. The first three chapters show that the vast increase in education resources has not been accompanied by a similar increase in learning... Show More + outcomes, and thus highlight the urgent need to improve the quality of spending. Chapter one starts by describing the complex financing and governance systems. With this policy framework in mind, Chapter two focuses on the 20 percent rule, analyzing its consequences for budget planning and management and examining where resources went after this vast increase in spending. The chapter also provides some estimates of the cost of meeting future government objectives, in the context of discussions on expanding compulsory education, and broadening teacher certification. Chapter three looks at education outcomes, reviewing the significant improvements in access and equity, as well as the worrisome trends in learning outcomes. It points to improving the quality of education and expanding access to secondary and above (especially for the poor) as the main challenges in the sector. Given the cost of achieving these goals, and the fact that current expenditure patterns are unlikely to lead to improvements in learning outcomes, the chapter concludes that improving the quality of spending in education is now critical. The second part of the report focuses on how to improve the quality of spending in order to continue expansion and improve learning outcomes. In chapter four, the quality of spending issue is divided into two areas: i) reassigning or improving programs at the central level, and ii) improving management at the district and school levels. At the central level, this chapter analyzes the Scholarships for the Poor program (BSM) and recommends that it be expanded and improved. At the sub-national level, the report explores how a combination of more efficient teacher management and stronger support for schools can improve efficiency and learning outcomes, and what the central government’s role should be in ensuring that these changes occur. Finally, chapter five summarizes these recommendations, providing a framework for improving the quality of spending and, ultimately, ensuring that this spending leads to an improvement in the quality of the Indonesian education system. Show Less -

Indonesia is the world's fourth most populous country, with more than 238 million people living in an archipelago comprising over 17,000 islands. Over the past decade... Show More + the Indonesian economy has experienced positive economic growth, reduced poverty, and made continued progress towards many of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). For example, Indonesia has already met and surpassed projected reductions in the number of underweight children under five years old to below 18 percent and is on track to meeting its targets for reducing overall child mortality and the targets for achieving universal basic education. While clear progress has been made on reducing poverty rates, inequality has persisted, with the result that many children and families have not shared in these gains. Over 30 million Indonesians live below the poverty line (US $2 per day) and half of all households are clustered around the poverty line. Of the poor, 65 percent currently live in rural areas. For these families, national economic improvements have brought only modest gains in health and education, putting children's development at risk and threatening national progress. A notable achievement for Indonesia is that primary school enrollment is now near 100 percent for boys and girls of all income levels. However, as children move through the primary years, the enrollment disparities seen in Early Childhood Education and Development, or ECED services re-emerge. Educational attainment profiles reveal that while almost all children from all segments of society start primary school, children from poorer households and children from rural areas have more difficulties progressing from lower levels of education to higher levels. Only 55 percent of rural children make it to junior secondary school, and less than a quarter enroll in senior secondary. In contrast, 80 percent of urban children make it to junior secondary school and almost two-thirds enroll in senior secondary. Show Less -

Indonesia, like many middle income countries, has difficulty providing universal access to education and adequate access to healthcare, particularly in poor and rural... Show More + areas. To tackle these problems, the Government of Indonesia launched two large-scale programs in 2007. The programs both relied on cash transfers, but one targeted households and one targeted communities. In both cases, the transfers were designed to encourage families to meet basic health and education indicators, including prenatal visits for pregnant women, childhood immunization, regular weight monitoring, and school attendance. To push communities to focus on the most effective policies, a portion of subsequent year grants is based on how well communities do in meeting the previous year's health and education targets. In this way, the program takes aspects of conditional cash transfer and pay-for-performance programs and reformulates them to encourage community-wide performance and accountability. In order to test the effectiveness of linking grants to the previous year's performance, a second version of the program was carried out in which communities received the money irrespective of the previous year's performance. The grants have ranged from an average of $8,500 in 2007 to $18,200 in 2009. This World Bank supported program now reaches about 5.4 million people. Show Less -

Lack of sanitation and poor hygiene behavior cause a tremendous disease burden among the poor. This paper evaluates the impact of the Total Sanitation and Sanitation... Show More + Marketing project in Indonesia, where about 11 percent of children have diarrhea in any two-week period and more than 33,000 children die each year from diarrhea. The evaluation utilizes a randomized controlled trial but is unusual in that the program was evaluated when implemented at scale across the province of rural East Java in a way that was designed to strengthen the enabling environment and so be sustainable. One hundred and sixty communities across eight rural districts participated, and approximately 2,100 households were interviewed before and after the intervention. The authors found that the project increased toilet construction by approximately 3 percentage points (a 31 percent increase in the rate of toilet construction). The changes were primarily among non-poor households that did not have access to sanitation at baseline. Open defecation among these households decreased by 6 percentage points (or 17 percent). Diarrhea prevalence was 30 percent lower in treatment communities than in control communities at endline (3.3 versus 4.6 percent). The analysis cannot rule out that the differences in drinking water and handwashing behavior drove the decline in diarrhea. Reductions in parasitic infestations and improvements in height and weight were found for the non-poor sample with no sanitation at baseline. Show Less -

Poverty, vulnerability, and social protection illustrate key gender equity issues in addressing vulnerability and social protection of the poor. Poverty reduction has... Show More + been the highest development priority of the current government. The national poverty rate fell from 16.7 percent in 2004 to 13.3 percent in 2010. Poverty rates of Female-Headed Households (FHH) remain lower than Male-Headed Households (MHH). Over 2004-09, while there is a slightly higher percentage of poor MHH than FHH, the overall rate of poverty reduction is slower for FHH than for MHH and the poverty rate for urban FHH is increasing. This is despite the significantly higher percentage of FHH than MHH benefit from all Social Protection (SP) programs. Improved targeting techniques will reduce exclusion and inclusion errors and ensure that more poor households receive social protection. The challenge will be to ensure that the new targeting mechanisms include the poverty indicators which reflect characteristics of poor and vulnerable FHHs and that there is an intra household equal access to program benefits. Show Less -

This case study describes and assesses Jamkesmas, Indonesia's government-financed health coverage program for the poor and near-poor. It provides a detailed description... Show More + of the scope, depth, and breadth of coverage provided under Jamkesmas, and highlights ways in which the program interacts with the rest of Indonesia's health system. It also summarizes and discusses evidence on whether Jamkesmas is attaining its stated objectives of removing financial barriers and improving access to health care by the poor and near-poor, what could be improved, and what lessons can be learned from the experience of Jamkesmas that could help inform Indonesia's quest for universal coverage. The primary theme underlying the study is that supply-side constraints and supply-side subsidies have not been leveraged to increase the effectiveness of the Jamkesmas program. There are significant geographic deficiencies in the availability and quality of the basic benefits package, especially for those living in relatively remote and rural locations of the country, and this limits the effective availability of benefits for many Jamkesmas beneficiaries. The remainder of the case study is organized as follows. Section two provides general background and information on health system outcomes in Indonesia. Section three is an overview of health care financing and delivery. Section four describes the institutional architecture of Jamkesmas. Section five highlights the process of targeting, identification, and enrolment of beneficiaries under the program. Section six focuses on the role of public financing. Section seven outlines the basic benefits package. Section eight provides an overview of the information environment of Jamkesmas. Section nine discusses the special theme of supply-side constraints and supply-side subsidies that dilute the effectiveness of the Jamkesmas program. Section ten discusses the pending agenda around some of the architectural and operational features of Jamkesmas in the context of universal coverage. Show Less -

Influenced by the condition of young children within its own country and by the pattern of international evidence about the value of early childhood education and development... Show More + (ECED), the government of Indonesia has implemented policies and programs that prioritize the early years of children's lives. The first critical step was taken in 2001, when a new directorate dedicated to early childhood was established within the Ministry of Education and Culture. The second critical step was taken when early childhood education was included in a succession of key policy documents-the National Education System Law No. 20 in 2003 and the Ministry of Education and Culture's Strategic Plan (Rencana Strategis or Renstra) in 2004. Despite such progress, the major challenges that Indonesia faces today are also akin to those faced by many other middle- and low-income countries. The experiences and research results discussed in this book are: researchers in early childhood development and program evaluation, policy makers within and outside of Indonesia, providers of early childhood services, professional development providers, and advocates for quality early childhood services. The evidence presented in this book reinforces that multiple influences affect children's development in the first years of life. Family poverty is an important mediator of the influence of community resources and children's innate abilities. Increased access to early childhood services can have positive effects on development outcomes, even in the short run. These services can buffer the effects of home environments that are not sufficiently stimulating and can encourage parents to increase their use of practices that will promote their children's development. Policy makers and practitioners in Indonesia and countries around the world have made important progress in understanding the importance of these strong foundations for later success. As the next generation of development goals are considered, early childhood education and development is sure to be a central focus. Continued emphasis is needed on sustainable financing and ensuring quality as governments pursue agendas focused on the expansion of ECED services. Show Less -

The joint International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), International Finance Corporation (IFC), and Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)... Show More + Country Partnership Strategy (CPS) with Indonesia for FY13-15 bridges the final two years of the administration of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY). Since 2004, Indonesia emerged as a vibrant and stable democracy and as a self-assured middle-income economy with a fast-growing private sector, and global and regional influence. Building on six decades of partnership, the World Bank Group's engagement with Indonesia continues to move forward on the path developed by the previous CPS FY09-12, supporting Indonesia's development agenda by enabling local capacity to implement and deliver and by strengthening economic competitiveness of the private sector. The CPS is aligned with the country's master plan for acceleration and expansion of Indonesia's economic development 2011- 2025, which seeks to accelerate development through a pro-growth, pro-jobs, pro-poor and pro-green strategy. The government will take a strong position not only as the regulator, but also as the facilitator and function as a catalyst for growth for the private sector. The CPS takes into account changing global and domestic market conditions and the lessons learned from the assessment of the CPS for FY09-12, in consultation with the Government of Indonesia (GoI), private sector, civil society, development partners and other major stakeholders. Show Less -

This paper provides tabular results for Sumatera and Kalimantan, including both Kabupaten (districts) and Kota (cities). Tables one to three compare the poverty variables... Show More + of interest, including the poverty rate, Gini, quintiles of real per capita expenditure and population percentage below multiples of the poverty line. Tables four to fourteen gives specific poverty measure (e.g. poverty rate or Gini) and make comparisons across different sizes (total, small holders, large holders) and across specifications. Tables fifteen and sixteen examine the effect of combined land use and combined production (small holder and large holder) on per capita expenditure by quintiles and population percentage below multiples of the poverty lines to isolate which ownership is driving the results. Show Less -