Cambodia

Ratings for the Provincial and Peri-Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project for Cambodia were as follows: outcomes were moderately satisfactory, the risk to development... Show More + outcome was substantial, the Bank performance was moderately satisfactory, and the Borrower performance was also moderately satisfactory. Some lessons learned included: as a local Cambodian Non-Governmental Organization (NGO), Center for Development (CfD) which worked for other donors as well was effective in empowering communities to become actors in local development projects. CfD's approach of awareness-raising, social mobilization and increasing access to improved facilities can be considered a model for replication, especially for projects where demand needs to be triggered at the grassroots level. At the same time, it should be recognized that an NGO's weak capacity and lack of familiarity with Bank procedures are challenges for an NGO to implement Bank-financed projects, and mitigation measures should be included. As social mobilization agents, Clean Water Groups (CWGs) provided clear benefits to their communities, including the Private Water Operators (PWOs), with little or no reward in return. Rather than relying solely on official local leaders at the village and commune levels, the CWG served as an effective, valued-added community representative for the success of local development activities. It is important to conduct a water consumption survey during project preparation stage in order to get a clear estimate of the water consumption rate. As water consumption has deep financial implications, conducting such a survey could avoid the possibility of over estimating or underestimating consumption, thereby minimizing any potential financial loss for the utility company. Given the innovative private sector participation component for Cambodia, the project should have included a specific Technical Assistance (TA) component to train prospective bidders on Bank procurement procedures, and on how to prepare responsive technical and financial bids, instead of leaving this task to the Mekong Private Sector Development Facility, which was not formally a part of the project. Such training may have stimulated private sector response even more. Show Less -

The main development objectives of the Rural Electrification and Transmission Project are to improve power sector efficiency and reliability, while reducing electricity... Show More + supply costs, improve standards of living and foster economic growth in rural areas, by expanding rural electricity supplies, and, strengthen electricity institutions, the regulatory framework, and the 'enabling environment' for sector commercialization and privatization. Negative impacts include: air quality, soil erosion, water quality, noise pollution, worker/public safety, and loss of agricultural productivity. Mitigation measures include: 1) concrete batching plants to be located downwind and away from inhabited areas; 2) groundcover to be left undisturbed as much as possible; 3) fuel or hazardous materials securely stored at least 20m from any surface water and above flood level and the proper wastewater treatment, water supply and waste disposal facilities for workforce; 4) activities to be conducted during daytime hours and local residents informed of construction schedule; and 5) tower footing design should minimize permanent land use requirement, and should allow access for farming in and around footing area. Show Less -

The purpose of these Greater Mekong Sub-region Power Trade Projects is to: 1) Identify and assess environmental impacts associated with transmission lines; 2) Identify... Show More + design, construction and maintenance measures to avoid or mitigate potential adverse environmental impacts, to be incorporated into the final design; 3) Develop an environmental management plan and associated monitoring plan for project construction and operation; and 4) Assess the organizational capacity of the implementing agency and provide recommendations for enhancement. In addition, the objective of the Detailed Environmental Management plan (DEMP) is to determine the necessary practical mitigation measures for avoiding, and/or minimizing negative impacts caused by the Project. This project has a number of potential negative impacts including: a) Land acquisition; b) Disruption of farming activities and the disturbance of crops, bunds, canals and drains; c) Wildlife will be affected by transmission line construction and operation through the loss of habitat from vegetation clearing; d) Exhaust emissions from machinery used for tower and substation construction will be minor, localized and of short duration; e) soil erosion and water pollution. Different mitigating approaches could be considered for some of the negative impacts, depending on the timing of the Project. Show Less -

The project development objective (PDO) of the Ketsana Emergency Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Project (KERRP) for Cambodia is to restore the service levels of transport... Show More + and water and sanitation to the affected people in the project provinces and strengthen the Royal Government of Cambodia's (RGC's) capacity in disaster preparedness and management. Some of the negative impacts include: damage to wetlands, ponds and waterways, alteration of drainage, water contamination, stagnant water and insect biome disease vectors, silting, dust, odor, and dry material handling, dust from road works, and air pollution and noise. Mitigation measures include: 1) wetlands and ponds are to be retained and/or replaced wherever possible, 2) extra care is to be taken to prevent runoff from works sites entering water bodies, wetlands, rivers or other sensitive areas by providing and maintaining sediment controls such as silt traps, rice-straw bales and plant cover within and around work sites; 3) materials are to be properly disposed of so as not to block streams and watercourses or damage water quality; 4) bitumen, diesel and waste oil are to be handled and stored carefully to prevent leakage or spill. Waste oil is to be collected, stored and disposed at an approved site; 5) contractors are to minimize standing waters by removing used tires and storage drums and ensuring adequate temporary drainage; 6) water shall be sprayed during construction, particularly in towns and villages, to ensure that dust is minimized throughout the construction zone; and 7) vehicles and equipment are to be maintained to meet Cambodian emission and noise standards. Show Less -

The objective of the Livelihood Enhancement and Association of the Poor (LEAP) in Siem Reap Project for Cambodia is to reduce poverty through rural livelihoods interventions... Show More + such as rice productions, vegetable cultivations, handicrafts, poultry, and fish raisings. Negative impacts include: surface and ground water will be polluted due to the wastewater run-off, soil quality will decline, loss of local breeds, odor and air quality may decline, waste disposal and noise disturbance, public health due to the odor of waste disposal and chemical substances, the use of pesticide and chemical fertilizer will be caused to the water quality. Mitigation measures include: 1) place should be far from the water sources (surface and ground water) in order to ensure that water quality is not going to be polluted, and this subproject can't be developed on the water body; 2) make appropriate dumping site for waste; 3) use appropriate techniques for reducing of odor from waste disposal; 4) regular monitoring of the water quality; and 5) provide technical and skills training to local people as well as farmer on farming processes. Show Less -

The objective of the Fast Track Initiative Catalytic Fund Project for Cambodia is classroom expansion in incomplete primary schools within existing primary school campuses.... Show More + School design will include appropriate ventilation, lighting, sanitation facilities and ramps for disabled students, as appropriate. Sanitation facilities will also be strengthened. Some of the negative impacts of the project are as follows: noise pollution, water contamination, construction dust, asbestos particles, sanitary wastewater, spoil, waste oil. Mitigation measures in the following areas are as follows: (i) where demolition debris will be recycled, any asbestos remaining on the debris must be removed prior to any recycling that will sand, grind, cut, or abrade the asbestos or otherwise cause it to become an environmental concern by releasing asbestos fibers; (ii) construction supervisor shall conduct, if deemed necessary, tests for physical and chemical quality of the drilled well water including turbidity and arsenic content. In case the water well contains turbidity of more than 10ppm the well will not be accepted and the builder must redevelop the well until the turbidity level becomes acceptable (less than 10ppm); (iii) the most sanitary seats, particularly for children, are the U-shaped type made of nonabsorbent material; (iv) at least one washbowl should be placed near the toilets. The number of washbowls should at least be equal to the number of classrooms in the building; and (v) water supply pumps and toilet facilities should be elevated above flood design level, as currently practiced, and would be more usable if attached to the school platform. Show Less -

The purpose of these Greater Mekong Sub-region Power Trade Projects is to: 1) Identify and assess environmental impacts associated with transmission lines; 2) Identify... Show More + design, construction and maintenance measures to avoid or mitigate potential adverse environmental impacts, to be incorporated into the final design; 3) Develop an environmental management plan and associated monitoring plan for project construction and operation; and 4) Assess the organizational capacity of the implementing agency and provide recommendations for enhancement. In addition, the objective of the Detailed Environmental Management plan (DEMP) is to determine the necessary practical mitigation measures for avoiding, and/or minimizing negative impacts caused by the Project. This project has a number of potential negative impacts including: a) Land acquisition; b) Disruption of farming activities and the disturbance of crops, bunds, canals and drains; c) Wildlife will be affected by transmission line construction and operation through the loss of habitat from vegetation clearing; d) Exhaust emissions from machinery used for tower and substation construction will be minor, localized and of short duration; e) soil erosion and water pollution. Different mitigating approaches could be considered for some of the negative impacts, depending on the timing of the Project. Show Less -

The purpose of these Greater Mekong Sub-region Power Trade Projects is to: 1) Identify and assess environmental impacts associated with transmission lines; 2) Identify... Show More + design, construction and maintenance measures to avoid or mitigate potential adverse environmental impacts, to be incorporated into the final design; 3) Develop an environmental management plan and associated monitoring plan for project construction and operation; and 4) Assess the organizational capacity of the implementing agency and provide recommendations for enhancement. In addition, the objective of the Detailed Environmental Management plan (DEMP) is to determine the necessary practical mitigation measures for avoiding, and/or minimizing negative impacts caused by the Project. This project has a number of potential negative impacts including: a) Land acquisition; b) Disruption of farming activities and the disturbance of crops, bunds, canals and drains; c) Wildlife will be affected by transmission line construction and operation through the loss of habitat from vegetation clearing; d) Exhaust emissions from machinery used for tower and substation construction will be minor, localized and of short duration; e) soil erosion and water pollution. Different mitigating approaches could be considered for some of the negative impacts, depending on the timing of the Project. Show Less -