Brazil

Brazil suffers from a range of different pollution problems which cause real economic damage in terms of human health, quality of life, and ecological losses. The most... Show More + serious problems are: i) lack of safe water supply and/or lack of safe sewage removal at the household and community level; ii) particulate air pollution in the Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro; iii) Surface water pollution in urban areas; iv) lack of collection of solid waste and improper solid waste disposal; and v) severe localized pollution. After 20 years of active pollution management, many problems still remain unresolved. The common problems of the management system are: a) lack of priority setting and cost-effective strategies; b) use of an outdated pollution management instruments; c) no sectoral integration of pollution management; d) limited and inconsistent enforcement; and e) excessive reliance on Government budgets. This report recommends: 1) a narrow prioritization of the pollution problems. 2) A modernization of instruments of pollution control. 3) Improved accountability of environmental institutions. 4) Establishment of framework for attracting more private financing for implementing cost-effective strategies. Show Less -

The objective of this report is to assist the Government of the State of Rio de Janeiro in the development and implementation of more effective pollution management... Show More + policies. This report addresses pollution in the region from most sectors, including industry, transport, and sanitation. Using systematic economic cross-sectoral analysis and the limited available information the report develops cost effective strategies for tackling priority problems and outlining an overall environmental management strategy. The report consists of two volumes. Volume 1 is the Policy Report which contains a summary of the most important policy recommendations. Volume 2 is the Technical Report which provides the analytical backup to the Policy Report and contains detailed recommendations for the implementation of the proposed strategy. Show Less -

The current strong interest in irrigation in Brazil arises from the growing dependency on grain imports in the mid-1980s, the recurring droughts in the Northeast region,... Show More + stagnation in yields in some rainfed production systems, and the possibilities for increasing exports of tropical crops to new markets in Europe and the United States. Over the past two decades, Brazilian irrigation development in the private sector has been done with little government support and without careful control of water use. Soon after its creation in 1986, the Special Ministry of Irrigation proposed a national irrigation review to: (a) consolidate and expand knowledge of the irrigation subsector, focusing on major accomplishments, lessons learned, key issues, and information gaps; (b) provide guidance on priorities for accelerated irrigation development, on what the Government's role in that development should be, and on needed subsector policy reforms; (c) propose data collection and evaluation programs and/or additional investigations and subsector studies; and (d) propose a medium-term irrigation investment strategy, including a possible development program. This report is based on the findings and conclusions of this review. Show Less -

This report examines past Northeast (NE) industrial growth & reviews the policies & incentives for the NE industry. Organized into three parts, the first part, the Summary... Show More + Report, contains the analysis & the recommendations for improving the industrial incentive programs. The focus of the policy analysis & the recommendations is on the Fundo de Investimentos do Nordeste (FINOR) program. The second part, containing the Analytical Report, presents the supporting analysis for the recommendations in the Summary Report & a detailed description of the NE industrial growth & industrial development policies. The first section of the Analytical Report addresses the issue of regional disparities, & estimates the sources of regional industrial demand & supply growth. The second section quantifies costs & impact of main incentive programs; &, presents a detailed analysis of the FINOR program & estimates the incidence of Brazil's sectoral incentives on NE industry. The third part contains the statistical appendix & four technical studies. The technical studies cover the methodology of the regional sources of demand growth estimations; public industrial investments in the NE; a summary of public industrial credit lines; &, an analysis of industrial projects which received FINOR financing. Show Less -

The first volume presents the Main Report of this eight volume study, and attempts to summarize the results of a number of investigative missions to Brazil in 1972.... Show More + Volume I discusses the economic and social trends; the development strategy, including the macro-economic goals; the public investment and its financing; private savings--monetary management and the capital market; and, the balance of payments and external debt. Volume II provides the mass of statistical data that was accumulated. Volume III describes and quantifies in both detailed and summary form public sector investment projects suitable for external financing. Volume IV evaluates the efforts being made to develop Brazil's Northeast region. Population, employment and education trends in the Northeast are analyzed in detail in Volume V. Volume VI analyzes the problems and prospects of agriculture in the Center-South. The textile, leather goods and fertilizer subsectors are analyzed in detail in Volume VII. Volume VIII provides a survey of the power sector. The report, in general, deals with the major elements of Brazil's economic progress problems and prospects. Show Less -

The mission's value and quantity projections for exports, along with the data relating to the recent past. With respect to coffee, sugar, cocoa, meat, rice, corn, iron... Show More + ore and manganese ore, which account for about 85 percent of the total value of exports, the mission has made explicit assumptions regarding export prices and quantities. Between 1950-514 and `462-63, the Santos 4 price on the New York market declined from an average of nearly 60 cents to about 314 cents. Although the price rose sharply in 1964 because of frost and fire damage in Brazil, world imports showed no change from the level of the previous year because it is believed that roasters bought heavily, expecting the price to continue upward. The projection of cotton exports is based on the following assumption: a price of 25 cents per lb., i.e., $590/ton f.o.b. throughout, roughly equivalent to the current price level and that over the projection period the rate of growth in world consumption and trade would tend to decelerate to the rate of world population growth (approximately 1.7 percent per year). The limit to the future expansion of cot-ton exports would not be the domestic production potential but international demand, and Brazil should be able to maintain its recent share of that demand, which has been about 7-8 percent in recent years. For Bahia cocoa beans the mission has assumed a price of 20 cents per pound or $440 per metric ton on the assumption that there is no international cocoa agreement by 1970. If the Producers' Alliance Agreement, which is currently effective, remains in force by 1970 and is able to maintain a price of approximately 21.4 cents per pound or $472 per metric ton, the mission's estimate will be on the low side. A corresponding price for cocoa butter may be, approximately $1,000 per ton when beans are around $440 a ton. Show Less -

The mission's value and quantity projections for exports, along with the data relating to the recent past. With respect to coffee, sugar, cocoa, meat, rice, corn, iron... Show More + ore and manganese ore, which account for about 85 percent of the total value of exports, the mission has made explicit assumptions regarding export prices and quantities. Between 1950-514 and `462-63, the Santos 4 price on the New York market declined from an average of nearly 60 cents to about 314 cents. Although the price rose sharply in 1964 because of frost and fire damage in Brazil, world imports showed no change from the level of the previous year because it is believed that roasters bought heavily, expecting the price to continue upward. The projection of cotton exports is based on the following assumption: a price of 25 cents per lb., i.e., $590/ton f.o.b. throughout, roughly equivalent to the current price level and that over the projection period the rate of growth in world consumption and trade would tend to decelerate to the rate of world population growth (approximately 1.7 percent per year). The limit to the future expansion of cot-ton exports would not be the domestic production potential but international demand, and Brazil should be able to maintain its recent share of that demand, which has been about 7-8 percent in recent years. For Bahia cocoa beans the mission has assumed a price of 20 cents per pound or $440 per metric ton on the assumption that there is no international cocoa agreement by 1970. If the Producers' Alliance Agreement, which is currently effective, remains in force by 1970 and is able to maintain a price of approximately 21.4 cents per pound or $472 per metric ton, the mission's estimate will be on the low side. A corresponding price for cocoa butter may be, approximately $1,000 per ton when beans are around $440 a ton. Show Less -